Verb Tenses--Present

Verbs, their Tenses and their Forms

Tense forms bring verbs and time together. They act as bridge between verbs and time. They express the time periods (past, present and future) in relation to actions (‘doing’) and states (‘being’).

We express our thoughts through sentences in ‘active’ or ‘passive’ voice (You’ll learn about ‘voices’ in subsection ‘Transformation of Sentences’ in Part II.) We form ‘statement’ or ‘question’ sentences (You’ll learn about these in Part II). The sentences we use are ‘affirmative’ or ‘negative’ (You’ll learn about ‘negative sentences’ in Part II). We use ‘regular’ and ‘irregular’ and ‘state’ verbs. We use these verbs in the different forms of past, present and future tenses.

As you’ll see, the tables 4.57—4.80 (present) are complete in themselves and provide you with sample sentences (both affirmative and negative, statement and question and all these in active and passive voice)  for finite verbs(regular, irregular, state) in all the forms of the three tenses. You can use these tables to clear your doubts about forming tenses appropriately.

 Present Tense

Tenses	Forms
Past Present Future	simple, progressive, perfect, perfect progressive simple, progressive, perfect, perfect progressive simple, progressive, perfect, perfect progressive

In the following pages, you’ll find, in 24 tables, four forms of verbs in the past tense:  

    

     4.57—irregular verbs in affirmative statement sentences in active voice

     4.58—regular verbs in affirmative statement sentences in active voice

     4.59—‘State’ verb: Be in affirmative statement sentences in active voice

     4.60—‘State’ verb: Have in affirmative statement sentences in active voice

     4.61—irregular verbs in negative statement sentences in active voice

     4.62—regular verbs in negative statement sentences in active voice

     4.63—‘State’ verb: Be in negative statement sentences in active voice

     4.64—‘State’ verb: Have in negative statement sentences in active voice

     4.65—irregular verbs in question sentences in active voice

     4.66—regular verbs in question sentences in active voice

     4.67—‘State’ verb: Be in question sentences in active voice

     4.68—‘State’ verb: Have in question sentences in active voice

     4.69—irregular verbs in negative question sentences in active voice

     4.70—regular verbs in negative question sentences in active voice

     4.71—‘State’ verb: Be in negative question sentences in active voice

     4.72—‘State’ verb: Have in negative question sentences in active voice  

   4.73—irregular verbs in affirmative statement sentences in passive voice

     4.74—regular verbs in affirmative statement sentences in passive voice

     4.75—irregular verbs in negative statement sentences in passive voice

     4.76—regular verbs in negative statement sentences in passive voice

     4.77—irregular verbs in question sentences in passive voice

     4.78—regular verbs in question sentences in passive voice

     4.79—irregular verbs in negative question sentences in passive voice

     4.80—regular verbs in negative question sentences in passive voice

4.57 Present tense forms in affirmative statement sentences—active voice

Irregular verbs

present tense forms
person	simple	progressive	perfect	perfect progressive
first        singular                plural	I speak We speak	I am speaking We are speaking	I have spoken We have spoken	I have been speaking We have been speaking
second   singular                plural	You speak You speak	You are speaking You are speaking	You have spoken You have spoken	You have been speaking You have been speaking
third      singular               plural	He speaks She speaks It speaks   They speak	He is speaking She is speaking It is speaking They are speaking	He has spoken She has spoken It has spoken They have spoken	He has been speaking She has been speaking It has been speaking They have been speaking

Note: 1. simple present tense           : base verb ¬ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’

                   form                                   base verb + ‘s’ or ‘es’¬for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’

                 present progressive            : am + -ing to the verb ¬ for ‘I’

                   tense form                          is + -ing to the verb ¬for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’

                                                              are + -ing to the verb ¬ for ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’

                 present perfect tense          : have + past participle of the verb ¬ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’

                   form                                   has + past participle of the verb ¬ for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’

                 present perfect progressive: have + been + -ing to the verb¬ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you, ‘they’

                   tense form                          has + been + -ing to the verb ¬ for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’

4.58 present tense forms in affirmative statement sentences—active voice

regular verbs

present tense forms
person	simple	progressive	perfect	perfect progressive
first        singular                plural	I talk We talk	I am talking We are talking	I have talked We have talked	I have been talking We have been talking
second   singular                plural	You talk You talk	You are talking You are talking	You have talked You have talked	You have been talking You have been talking
third      singular               plural	He talks She talks It talks   They talk	He is talking She is talking It is talking They are talking	He has talked She has talked It has talked They have talked	He has been talking She has been talking It has been talking They have been talking

1. simple present tense                      : base verb ¬ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’

                   form                                   base verb + ‘s’ or ‘es’¬ for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’

                 present progressive            : am + -ing to the verb ¬ for ‘I’

                   tense form                          is + -ing to the verb ¬ ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it

                                                              are + -ing to the verb ¬ for ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’

                 present perfect tense          : have + past participle of the verb ¬ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’

                   form                                   has + past participle of the verb ¬ for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’

                 present perfect progressive: have + been + -ing to the verb¬ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you, ‘they’

                   tense form                          has + been + -ing to the verb ¬ for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’

 

 

4.59 present tense forms in affirmative statement sentences—active voice

‘State’ verb: ‘Be’  

present tense forms
person	simple	perfect
first      singular              plural	I am a teacher. We are teachers.	I have been a teacher. We had been teachers.
second singular              plural	You are a teacher. You are teachers.	You have been a teacher. You have been teachers.
third    singular             plural	He is a teacher. She is a teacher. They are teachers.	He has been a teacher. She has been a teacher. They have been teachers.

Note: 1. ‘am’, ‘is’, ‘are’ and ‘been’ are derived from the main verb ‘be’.

            2. Use ‘am’ with ‘I’.     

            3. Use ‘is’ with ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’.

            4. Use ‘are’ with ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’.

            5. Use ‘has been’ as present perfect tense form of ‘am’ and is’.

                Use ‘have been’ as present perfect tense form of ‘are’.

            6. We don’t use ‘be’ in ‘progressive’ tenses.

 

4.60 present tense forms in affirmative statement sentences—active voice

‘State’ verb: ‘have’

 

present tense forms
person	simple	perfect
first      singular              plural	I have a car. We have cars.	I have had a car. We have had cars.
second singular              plural	You have a car. You have cars.	You have had a car. You have had cars.
third    singular             plural	He has a car. She has a car. They have cars.	He has had a car. She has had a car. They have had cars.

Note: simple present : Use ‘have’¬for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’

                                    Use ‘has’ ¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

          present perfect: Use ‘have’ and ‘have had’ ¬for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’ 

                                           Use ‘has’ and ‘has had’¬for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’

            We don’t use ‘have’ in ‘progressive’ tenses.

4.61 present tense forms in negative statement sentences—active voice

Irregular verbs

present tense forms
person	simple	progressive	perfect	perfect progressive
First      singular              plural	I don’t speak We don’t speak	I am not speaking We aren’t speaking	I haven’t spoken We haven’t spoken	I haven’t been speaking We haven’t been speaking
second singular              plural	You don’t speak You don’t speak	You aren’t speaking You aren’t speaking	You haven’t spoken You haven’t spoken	You haven’t been speaking You haven’t been speaking
third    singular             plural	He doesn’t speak She doesn’t speak It doesn’t speak   They don’t speak	He isn’t speaking She isn’t speaking It isn’t speaking They aren’t speaking	He hasn’t spoken She hasn’t spoken It hasn’t spoken They haven’t spoken	He hasn’t been speaking She hasn’t been speaking It hasn’t been speaking They haven’t been speaking

Note: The forms for the meaning of negation:

          1. simple present            : don’t + base verb ¬ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’

                 tense form                        doesn’t + base verb¬for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’

          2. present progressive    : am not + -ing to the verb ¬ for ‘I’,

                 tense form                         isn’t + -ing to the verb¬ for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’

                                                    aren’t + -ing to the verb ¬ for ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’

           3. present perfect           :  haven’t + past participle ¬for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’

                 tense form                          hasn’t + past participle¬for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’

            4. present perfect            :  haven’t + been + -ing to the verb ¬ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’

              progressive tense form  hasn’t + been + past participle ¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, and ‘it’

To form negative statements in the simple present,

1. you have to break the past tense form of the verb in two:  

    speaks=‘does’ + base verb¬ does + speak.  For the other tenses, the auxiliary verbs: ‘am’, ‘is’,

               ‘are’,  ‘has’, ‘have’ are already available.

2. Attach n’t to the auxiliary verbs, or write not separately after the auxiliary verbs:

             

4.62 present tense forms in negative statement sentences—active voice

regular verbs

present tense forms
person	simple	progressive	perfect	perfect progressive
first        singular                plural	I don’t talk We don’t talk	I am not talking We aren’t talking	I haven’t talked We haven’t talked	I haven’t been talking We haven’t been talking
second   singular                plural	You don’t talk You don’t talk	You aren’t talking You aren’t talking	You haven’t talked You haven’t talked	You haven’t been talking You haven’t been talking
third      singular               plural	He doesn’t talk She doesn’t talk It doesn’t talk   They don’t talk	He isn’t talking She isn’t talking It isn’t talking They aren’t talking	He hasn’t talked She hasn’t talked It hasn’t talked They haven’t talked	He hasn’t been talking She hasn’t been talking It hasn’t been talking They haven’t been talking

Note: The forms for the meaning of negation:

          1. simple present            : don’t + base verb ¬ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’

                 tense form                        doesn’t + base verb¬for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’

          2. present progressive    : am not + -ing to the verb ¬ for ‘I’,

                 tense form                         isn’t + -ing to the verb¬ for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’

                                                    aren’t + -ing to the verb ¬ for ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’

           3. present perfect           :  haven’t + past participle ¬for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’

                 tense form                          hasn’t + past participle¬for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’

            4. present perfect            :  haven’t + been + -ing to the verb ¬ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’

              progressive tense form  hasn’t + been + past participle ¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, and ‘it’

 

4.63 present tense forms in negative statement sentences—active voice

‘State’ verbs: ‘Be’    

present tense forms
person	simple	perfect
first      singular              plural	I am not a teacher. We aren’t  teachers.	I haven’t been a teacher. We haven’t been teachers.
second singular              plural	You aren’t a teacher. You aren’t  teachers.	You haven’t been a teacher. You haven’t been teachers.
third    singular             plural	He isn’t a teacher. She isn’t a teacher. They aren’t teachers.	He hasn’t been a teacher. She hasn’t been a teacher. They haven’t been teachers.

Note: 1. ‘am’, ‘is’, ‘are’ and ‘been’ are derived from the main verb ‘be’.

            2. Use ‘am’ with ‘I’.     

            3. Use ‘is’ with ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’.

            4. Use ‘are’ with ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’.

            5. Use ‘has been’ as present perfect tense form of ‘am’ and is’.

                Use ‘have been’ as present perfect tense form of ‘are’.

            6. Attach n’t to ‘is’, ‘are’, ‘has’, ‘have’ or write not after ‘is’, ‘are’, ‘have’, ‘has.

                Write not after ‘am’.

            7. We don’t use ‘be’ in ‘progressive’ tenses.

4.64 present tense forms in negative statement sentences—active voice

‘State’ verb: ‘Have’

 

present tense forms
person	simple	perfect
first      singular              plural	I don’t have a car. We don’t have cars.	I haven’t had a car. We haven’t had cars.
second singular              plural	You don’t have a car. You don’t have cars.	You haven’t had a car. You haven’t had cars.
third    singular             plural	He doesn’t have a car. She doesn’t have a car. They don’t have cars.	He hasn’t had a car. She hasn’t had a car. They haven’t had cars.

Note: simple present : Use ‘ don’t have’¬for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’

                                    Use ‘doesn’t have’ ¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

          present perfect: Use ‘haven’t had’¬for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’ 

                                           Use ‘hasn’t had’¬for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’

                                           You can also write not after ‘do’, ‘does’, ‘have’, ‘has’.

            We don’t use ‘have’ in ‘progressive’ tenses.

4.65 present tense forms in question sentences—active voice

 Irregular verbs

present tense forms
person	simple	progressive	perfect	perfect progressive
first        singular                plural	Do I speak? Do We speak?	Am  I speaking? Are we speaking?	Have I spoken?  Have  we spoken?	Have I been speaking? Have we been speaking?
second   singular                plural	Do you speak? Do you speak?	Are you speaking? Are you speaking	Have you spoken? Have you spoken?	Have you been speaking? Have you been speaking?
third      singular               plural	Does  he speak? Does She speak? Does  it speak?   Do  they speak?	Is he speaking? Is she speaking Is it speaking? Are they speaking?	Has he spoken? Has she spoken? Has it spoken? Have they spoken?	Has he been speaking? Has she been speaking? Has it been speaking? Have they been speaking?

Note: Affirmative sentence statements are changed into affirmative question          statements by putting the subject in between the verbs in the following ways:

             1. simple present       : do + subject + base verb ¬ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’  

                                          does + subject + base verb¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

          2. present progressive: am + subject + -ing to the verb¬ for ‘I’

                                                   is + subject + -ing to the verb¬for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’

                                           are + subject + -ing to the verb ¬ for ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’

          3. present perfect         : have + subject + past participle ¬ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’

                                                     has + subject + past participle¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

            4. present perfect         : have + subject + been + -ing to the verb¬ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’

              progressive                 has + subject + been + -ing to the verb¬ for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

         

          To form questions in the simple present, you have to break the present tense form of the verb in

            two: speak = ‘do’ + base verb = ‘do speak’ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’.

                 Here, we provide ‘do’ because ‘speak’ is in present tense.

                speaks= ‘does’ + base verb= ‘does speak’ for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’.

                    Here, we divide ‘speaks’ into ‘does speak’, replacing ‘s’ with ‘does’.

            For other tenses, the auxiliary verbs: ‘is’, ‘are’, ‘have’ and ‘has’ are already available to form

          Questions.

4.66 present tense forms in question sentences—active voice

regular verbs

present tense forms
person	simple	progressive	perfect	perfect progressive
first        singular                              plural	Do I talk? Do we talk?	Am  I talking? Are we talking?	Have  I talked? Have we talked?	Had I been talking? Had we been talking?
second   singular                              plural	Do  you talk? Do you talk?	Are you talking? Are you talking?	Have  you talked? Have you talked?	Have you been talking? Have you been talking?
third      singular                       plural	Does  he talk? Does she talk? Does  it talk?   Do they talk?	Is he talking? Is she talking? Is it talking? Are they talking?	Has he talked? Has he talked? Has it talked? Have they talked?	Has he been talking? Has she been talking? Has it been talking? Have they been talking?

Note: Affirmative sentence statements are changed into affirmative question          statements by putting the subject in between the verbs in the following ways:

             1. simple present       : do + subject + base verb ¬ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’ 
                                          does + subject + base verb¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’          2. present progressive: am + subject + -ing to the verb¬ for ‘I’
                                           is + subject + -ing to the verb¬for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’

                                           are + subject + -ing to the verb ¬ for ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’

          3. present perfect         : have + subject + past participle ¬ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’

                                                         has + subject + past participle¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

            4. present perfect         : have + subject + been + -ing to the verb¬ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’

              progressive                 has + subject + been + -ing to the verb¬ for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

       

          To form questions in the simple present, you have to break the present tense form of the verb into

            two: speak = ‘do’ + base verb = ‘do speak’ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’.

                 Here, we provide ‘do’ because ‘speak’ is in present tense.

                speaks= ‘does’ + base verb= ‘does speak’ for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’.

                    Here, we divide ‘speaks’ into ‘does speak’, replacing ‘s’ with ‘does’.

            For other tenses, the auxiliary verbs: ‘is’, ‘are’, ‘have’ and ‘has’ are already available to form

            questions.

4.67 present tense forms in question sentences—active voice

‘State’ verb: ‘Be’

 

present tense forms
person	simple	perfect
first      singular              plural	Am I a teacher? Are we teachers?	Have I been a teacher? Have we been teachers?
second singular              plural	Are you a teacher? Are you teachers?	Have you been a teacher? Have you been teachers?
third    singular             plural	Is he a teacher? Is she a teacher? Are they teachers?	Has he been a teacher? Has she been a teacher? Have they been teachers?

Note: 1. ‘am’, ‘is’, ‘are’ and ‘been’ are derived from the main verb ‘be’.

           2. simple present : am + I……     are + you ……..  Is + he/she/it ………

               present perfect : have + I ….., have + you……, have + they………

                                          has + he/she/it ……….

           3. We don’t use ‘be’ in ‘progressive’ tenses.

 4.68 present tense forms in question sentences—active voice

‘State’ verb: ‘have’ 

present tense forms
person	simple	perfect
first      singular              plural	Do I have a car? Do we have cars?	Have I had a car? Have we had cars?
second singular              plural	Do you have a car? Do you have cars?	Have you had a car? Have you had cars?
third    singular             plural	Does he have a car? Does she have a car. Does they have cars?	Has he had a car? Has she had a car? Have they had cars?

Note: simple present: ‘have’ is divided into ‘do’ + ‘have’, ‘has’ into ‘does + have’ and the subject is put

                                      in between these two (see 4.64).

          present perfect: The subject is put in between ‘have had’ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’.

                                The subject is put in between ‘has had’ for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’.

          The main verb ‘be’ is not used in the progressive tenses.

4.69 present tense forms in negative question sentences—active voice

Irregular verbs

present tense forms
person	simple	progressive	perfect	perfect progressive
first        singular plural	Don’t  I speak? Don’t we speak?	Am I not speaking? Aren’t we speaking?	Haven’t  I spoken? Haven’t we spoken?	Haven’t  I been speaking? Haven’t  we been speaking?
second   singular plural	Don’t  you speak? Don’t  you speak?	Aren’t  you speaking? Aren’t  you speaking?	Haven’t  you spoken? Haven’t  you spoken?	Haven’t  you been speaking? Haven’t  you been speaking?
third      singular  plural	Doesn’t  he speak? Doesn’t  she speak? Doesn’t it speak? Don’t they speak?	Isn’t  he speaking? Isn’t  she speaking Isn’t  it speaking? Aren’t they speaking?	Haven’t  he spoken? Haven’t  she spoken? Haven’t  it spoken? Haven’t  they spoken?	Haven’t  he been speaking? Haven’t  she been speaking? Haven’t it been speaking? Haven’t  they been speaking?

Note: Negative sentence statements become negative questions statements by attaching ‘n’t’ to auxiliary

            verbs in the following ways:

          1. simple present       : don’t + subject + base verb ¬ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’                                                                                       doesn’t + subject + base verb¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

        2. present progressive: am + subject + not + -ing to the verb¬ for ‘I’

                                              isn’t + subject + -ing to the verb¬for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’

                                      aren’t + subject + -ing to the verb ¬ for ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’

        3. present perfect        : haven’t + subject + past participle ¬ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’

                                               hasn’t + subject + past participle¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

          4. present perfect        : haven’t + subject + been + -ing to the verb¬ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’

              progressive             hasn’t + subject + been + -ing to the verb¬ for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

4.70 present tense forms in negative question sentences—active voice

regular verbs

present tense forms
person	simple	progressive	perfect	perfect progressive
first        singular                plural	Don’t  I talk? Don’t  we talk?	Am I not talking? Aren’t we talking?	Haven’t  I talked? Haven’t we talked?	Haven’t  I been talking? Haven’t  we been talking?
second   singular                plural	Don’t  you talk? Don’t you talk?	Aren’t  you talking? Aren’t you talking?	Haven’t  you talked? Haven’t you talked?	Haven’t  you been talking? Haven’t  you been talking?
third      singular               plural	Doesn’t  he talk? Doesn’t  she talk? Doesn’t  it talk?   Don’t  they talk?	Isn’t  he talking? Isn’t  she talking? Isn’t  it talking? Aren’t they talking?	Hasn’t  he talked? Hasn’t she talked? Hasn’t it talked? Haven’t  they talked?	Hasn’t  he been talking? Hasn’t  she been talking? Hasn‘t  it been talking? Haven’t they been talking?

Note: Negative sentence statements become negative questions statements by attaching ‘n’t’ to auxiliary

            verbs in the following ways:

          1. simple present       : don’t + subject + base verb ¬ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’  

                                     doesn’t + subject + base verb¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

        2. present progressive: am + subject + not + -ing to the verb¬ for ‘I’

                                              isn’t + subject + -ing to the verb¬for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’

                                      aren’t + subject + -ing to the verb ¬ for ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’

        3. present perfect       : haven’t + subject + past participle ¬ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’

                                             hasn’t + subject + past participle¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

          4. present perfect       : haven’t + subject + been + -ing to the verb¬ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’

              progressive            hasn’t + subject + been + -ing to the verb¬ for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

         

4.71 present tense forms in negative question sentences—active voice

‘State’ verb: ‘Be’

 

present tense forms
person	simple	perfect
first      singular              plural	Am I not a teacher? Aren’t we teachers?	Haven’t I been a teacher? Haven’t we been teachers?
second singular              plural	Aren’t you a teacher? Aren’t you teachers?	Haven’t you been a teacher? Haven’t you been teachers?
third    singular             plural	Isn’t he a teacher? Isn’t she a teacher? Aren’t they teachers?	Hasn’t he been a teacher? Hasn’t she been a teacher? Haven’t they been teachers?

Note: 1. ‘am’, ‘are’ and ‘been’ are derived from the main verb ‘be’.

            2. Use ‘am’ before ‘I’

                Use ‘is’  before ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’.

                Use ‘are’ before ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’.

                Use subject between ‘have’ and ‘been’ for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’ .

                Use subject between ‘has’ and ‘been’ for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’. 

                Place ‘not’ after ‘I’.

                Attach ‘n’t’ to ‘is’, ‘are’, ‘have’, ‘has’.

            3. We don’t use ‘be’ in ‘progressive’ tenses.

4.72 present tense forms in negative question sentences—active voice

‘State’ verb: ‘have’

 

present tense forms
person	simple	perfect
first      singular              plural	Don’t I have a car? Don’t we have cars?	Haven’t I had a car? Haven’t we had cars?
second singular              plural	Don’t you have a car? Don’t you have cars?	Haven’t you had a car? Haven’t you had cars?
third    singular             plural	Doesn’t he have a car? Doesn’t she have a car. Don’t they have cars?	Hasn’t he had a car? Hasn’t she had a car? Haven’t they had cars?

Note: simple present: ‘have’ is divided into ‘do’ + ‘have’, ‘has’ into ‘does + have’ and the subject is put

                                      in between these two (see 4.64).

          present perfect: The subject is put in between ‘have had’ for ‘I’, ‘you’, ‘we’, ‘they’.

                                The subject is put in between ‘has had’ for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’.

          Attach ‘n’t’ to ‘do’, ‘does’, ‘have’, ‘has’.

          The main verb ‘be’ is not used in the progressive tenses.

See 4.65 and 4.74 to know how we change statements into questions.

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You’ve seen how we use the present tense forms of irregular and regular verbs in affirmative, negative and question statements in active voice. Now you’ll see how we use the past tense forms of irregular and regular verbs in affirmative, negative and question statements in passive voice.

Don’t worry now about what active and passive voices are. You’ll see what they are and to what purpose they are used in the section on ‘conversion’ in Par 3.  Now, just learn the structure of passive voice.

4.73 present tense forms in affirmative statement sentences—passive voice

 Irregular verbs

present tense forms
person	Simple	progressive	perfect	perfect progressive
first        singular                plural	I am hit We are hit	I’m being hit We’re being hit	I have been hit We have been hit	I have been being hit        --------------
second   singular                                        plural	You are hit You are hit	You’re being hit You’re being hit	You have been hit You have been hit	-------------           ------------
third     singular              plural	He is hit She is hit It is hit They are hit	He’s being hit She’s being hit It’s being hit They’re being hit	He has been hit She has been hit It has been hit They have been hit	-----------          -----------          -----------          -----------

   

Note: This table shows you how to use present tense forms of irregular verbs in passive voice:                        

          simple present       : auxiliary verb + past participle (p.p.) of verb

                                                          1                      2                                                      

                                                 I am hit.    He is hit.

                                                     1  2           1  2         

          present progressive: auxiliary verb +  being + past participle

                                                            1                    2                3

                                                 I am being hit.      He is being hit.   

                                                   1      2     3              1    2    3

          present perfect       : auxiliary verb +  been + past participle

                                                            1                    2                3

                                                 I have been hit.      He has been hit. 

                                                         1      2     3               1     2     3

          present perfect progressive in passive voice is most rare (almost never used) in speech and

            writing.

4.74 present tense forms in affirmative statement sentences—passive voice

regular verbs

present tense forms
person	simple	progressive	perfect	perfect progressive
first   singular                         plural	I am watched We are watched	I am being watched We are being watched	I have been watched We have been watched	I have been being watched          ------------
second singular     plural	You are watched You are watched	You are being watched You are being watched	You have been watched You have been watched	------------                 -----------
third   singular             plural	He is watched She is watched It is watched   They are watched	He is being watched She is being watched It is being watched They are being watched	He has been watched She has been watched It has been watched They have been watched	-----------           -----------           ----------           ----------

Note: This table shows you how to use present tense forms of irregular verbs in passive

          voice:                        

          simple present       :   auxiliary verb + past participle (p.p.) of  verb

                                                      1                      2                                                     

                                                  I am watched.     He is watched.

                                                     1       2                 1      2

          present progressive: auxiliary verb +  being + past participle

                                                   1                    2                3

                                                  I am being watched.      He is being watched.

                                                    1      2        3                    1    2        3

          present perfect       : auxiliary verb +  been + past participle

                                                    1                    2                3

                                                  I have been watched.      He has been watched.

                                                          1      2        3                     1      2        3

          present perfect progressive in passive voice is most rare (almost never used) in speech and

            writing.

4.75 present tense forms in negative statement sentences—passive voice 

Irregular verbs 

present tense forms
person	Simple	progressive	perfect	perfect progressive
first        singular                plural	I am not  hit We aren’t hit	I am not being hit We aren’t being hit	I haven’t been hit We haven’t been hit	I haven’t been being hit        --------------
second   singular                                        plural	You aren’t hit You aren’t hit	You aren’t being hit You aren’t being hit	You haven’t been hit You haven’t been hit	-------------           ------------
third     singular              plural	He isn’t hit She isn’t hit It isn’t hit They aren’t hit	He isn’t being hit She isn’t being hit It isn’t being hit They aren’t being hit	He hasn’t been hit She hasn’t been hit It hasn’t been hit They haven’t been hit	-----------          -----------          -----------          -----------

   

Note: The forms for the meaning of negation:

          1. simple present       : am not + past participle ¬ for ‘I’

                                                        isn’t + past participle¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

                                                        aren’t + past participle¬ for ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’

          2. present progressive: am not + being + past participle ¬ for ‘I’

                                                         isn’t + being + past participle¬for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’

                                               aren’t + being + past participle¬ for ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’

           3. present perfect       : haven’t + been + past participle ¬for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’

                                                        hasn’t + been + past participle¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

            4. present perfect progressive in passive voice is most rare (almost never used) in speech and

                 writing.

4.76 present tense forms in negative statement sentences—passive voice

regular verbs

present tense forms
person	simple	progressive	perfect	perfect progressive
first     singular              plural	I am not watched We aren’t watched	I am not being watched We aren’t being watched	I haven’t been watched We haven’t been watched	I haven’t been being watched                   ------------
second  singular                           plural	You aren’t watched  You aren’t watched	You aren’t being watched  You aren’t being watched	You haven’t been watched  You haven’t been watched	------------                 -----------
third   singular                         plural	He isn’t watched She isn’t watched It isn’t watched  They aren’t watched	He isn’t being watched She isn’t being watched It isn’t being watched They aren’t being watched	He hasn’t been watched She hasn’t been watched It hasn’t been watched They haven’t been watched	-----------                     -----------                       ----------                        ----------

Note: The forms for the meaning of negation:

          1. simple present: am not + past participle ¬ for ‘I’,  isn’t + past participle¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

                                 aren’t + past participle¬ for ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’

          2. present progressive: am not + being + past participle ¬ for ‘I’

                                               isn’t + being + past participle¬for ‘he’, ‘she’ and ‘it’

                                       aren’t + being + past participle¬ for ‘we’, ‘you’ and ‘they’

           3. present perfect: haven’t + been + past participle ¬for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’

                                         hasn’t + been + past participle¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

            4. present perfect progressive in passive voice is most rare (almost never used) in speech and writing.

 4.77 present tense forms in question sentences—passive voice

irregular verbs

present tense forms
person	simple	progressive	perfect	perfect progressive
first        singular                plural	Am I hit? Are we hit?	Am I being  hit? Are we being hit?	Have  I been hit? Have  we been hit?	Have I been being hit?        --------------
second   singular                                        plural	Are you hit? Are you hit?	Are  you being hit? Are  you being hit?	Have  you been hit? Have you been hit?	-------------           ------------
third     singular              plural	Is he hit? Is she hit? Is it hit?   Are they hit?	Is he being hit? Is  she being hit? Is  it being hit? Are they being hit?	Has he been hit? Has  she been hit? Has  it been hit? Have  they been hit?	-----------          -----------          -----------          -----------

   

Note: The subject is placed in between auxiliary (helping) verb and the past participle:

          1. simple present           : am + subject + past participle¬for ‘I’

                                                  is + subject + past participle¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

                                          are + subject + past participle¬for ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’

          2. present progressive  :  am + subject + being + past participle¬for ‘I’

                                                   is + subject + being + past participle¬for  ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

                                                   are + subject + being + past participle¬for ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’

          3. present perfect          : have + subject + been + past participle¬for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you, ‘they’

                                                  has + subject + been + past participle¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’    

          4. present progressive

                perfect                       : This is most rare (almost never used) in speech or writing.

4.78 present tense forms in question statements—passive voice

regular verbs

present tense forms
Person	simple	progressive	perfect	perfect progressive
first     singular                           plural	Am I watched? Are  we watched?	Am I being watched? Are we being watched?	Have I been watched? Have we been watched?	Have I been being        watched?          ------------
second  singular                           plural	Are you watched? Are you watched?	Are you being watched? Are you being watched?	Have you been watched? Have you been watched?	------------               ------------
third   singular                        plural	Is he watched? Is she watched? Is it watched?   Are they watched?	Is he being watched? Is she being watched? Is it being watched? Are they being watched?	Has he been watched? Has she been watched? Has it been watched? Have they been watched?	-----------           -----------                 ----------           ----------

Note: The subject is placed in between auxiliary (helping) verb and the past participle:

          1. simple present           : am + subject + past participle¬for ‘I’

                                                  is + subject + past participle¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

                                          are + subject + past participle¬for ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’

          2. present progressive  :  am + subject + being + past participle¬for ‘I’

                                                   is + subject + being + past participle¬for  ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

                                                   are + subject + being + past participle¬for ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’

          3. present perfect          : have + subject + been + past participle¬for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you, ‘they’

                                                  has + subject + been + past participle¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’    

          4. present progressive

                perfect                       : This is rarely used in speech or writing.

4.79 present tense forms in negative question sentences—active voice

Irregular verbs

present tense forms
person	simple	progressive	perfect	perfect progressive
first        singular                                        plural	Am I not hit? Aren’t we hit?	Am I not being  hit? Aren’t we being hit?	Haven’t I been hit? Haven’t we been hit?	Haven’t I been being hit?            --------------
second   singular                                                      plural	Aren’t you hit? Aren’t you hit?	Aren’t you being hit? Aren’t you being hit?	Haven’t you been hit? Haven’t you been hit?	-------------                ------------
third     singular              plural	Isn’t he hit? Isn’t she hit? Isn’t it hit?   Aren’t they hit?	Isn’t he being hit? Isn’t she being hit? Isn’t it being hit? Aren’t they being hit?	Hasn’t he been hit? Hasn’t she been hit? Hasn’t it been hit? Haven’t they been hit?	-----------          -----------          -----------          -----------

   

Note: The subject is placed in between auxiliary (helping) verb and the past participle:

            1. simple present           : am + subject + not + past participle¬for ‘I’

                                              isn’t + subject + past participle¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

                                           aren’t + subject + past participle¬for ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’

            2. present progressive  : am + subject +not + being + past participle¬for ‘I’

                                                    isn’t + subject + past participle¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

                                                    aren’t + subject + being + past participle¬for ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’

            3. present perfect          : haven’t + subject + been + past participle¬for‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’ 

                                                    hasn’t + subject +been + past participle¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’ 

            4. present  perfect progressive is rarely used in speech or writing.

4.80 present tense forms in negative question sentences—passive voice

regular verbs

present tense forms
person	simple	progressive	perfect	perfect progressive
first  singular                         plural	Am I not watched? Aren’t we watched?	Am I not being watched? Aren’t we being watched?	Haven’t I been watched? Haven’t we been watched?	Haven’t I been being watched?          ------------
second  singular                            plural	Aren’t you watched?   Aren’t you  watched?	Aren’t you being watched? Aren’t you being watched?	Haven’t you been watched? Haven’t you been watched?	------------                  -----------
third   singular                         plural	Isn’t he watched? Isn’t she watched? Isn’t it watched?   Aren’t they  watched?	Isn’t he being watched? Isn’t she being watched? Isn’t it being watched? Are they being watched?	Hasn’t he been watched? Hasn’t she been watched? Hasn’t it been watched? Haven’t they been watched?	-----------                  -----------                           ----------                   ----------

Note: The subject is placed in between auxiliary (helping) verb and the past participle:

            1. simple present: am + subject + not + past participle¬for ‘I’

                                          isn’t + subject + past participle¬for  ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

                                   aren’t + subject + past participle¬for ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’

            2. present              am + subject + not +being + past participle¬for ‘I’

                progressive     : isn’t + subject + being + past participle ¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’

                                          aren’t + subject + being + past participle¬for ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’

            3. present perfect: haven’t + subject + been + past participle¬for ‘I’, ‘we’, ‘you’, ‘they’

                                          hasn’t + subject + been + past participle¬for ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’      

            4. present perfect progressive: This is rarely used in speech or writing.

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