tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30283706292064241872024-02-08T10:22:00.207-08:00English the Indian wayAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.comBlogger204125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-72740090029242966132018-06-24T23:46:00.002-07:002018-06-24T23:46:37.645-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
pageviews have crossed 15000 in three years. I am grateful to all those who have visited my blog and those who will in future. Thank you all. Hope you could learn a thing or two.<br />
god bless.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-3753307179367310802018-05-11T06:26:00.004-07:002018-05-14T01:01:39.371-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Communication Skills for Engineers</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
This book was published in 2012 by Scietech Publications, Chennai. The copyright is with me.<br />
<br />
Like the previous books, this also covers the English syllabus for first year students of engineering in colleges affiliated to Anna University, Chennai.<br />
<br />
You my find the rest of the write up to your liking. If you do, please recommend it to a publisher in your area so students may benefit.<br />
<br />
Thanks in advance.<br />
<br />
my email ID: kolilakh29@gmail.com<br />
phone: 9840327279<br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
syllabus of 2008 has been treated with a new design and in a new format.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
listening and reading content is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">theme-based</b>:
communicating, environment, resources, gender, travel, health, sports, disaster
management, technology and energy. Every learning experience has a set goal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Theme-based
content experiences will hopefully engage the learner and the teacher in
meaningful interactive exchanges and also lead the learner to know more about
the topics dealt with under each theme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Besides
treating syllabus items in some depth, the book presents the learner with
exposure to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">new</b> areas of learning:
form concepts, discuss life—use interesting quotes, categorise human relations,
analyse technical texts, role-ply, learn telephone etiquette and basic sentence
types and patterns etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Much
more is available: two alphabetised lists of words with equivalent Thamizh
expressions (to help Thamizh medium students to understand the concepts behind
those words), word games, anagrams, collocations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
workbook contains <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tips for life skills</b>:
staying fit, personal presentation skills, commitment, stress management,
self-esteem, being organised, assertiveness, learning skills, problem solving,
communication, reliability, integrity, motivation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> _________________________________________________________________________________ </o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-8400036842493569022018-05-11T04:40:00.003-07:002018-05-11T04:40:34.513-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>A Coursebook on English </b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
This book was published in 2009 by Scitech Publications, Chennai. The copyright is with me.<br />
<br />
Like the previous five coursebooks, this book can also be modified to suit the English learning needs of Arts and Science students of UG courses.<br />
<br />
You may find the pages from this book acceptable. If you do, please recommend this to a publisher in your area so students can benefit.<br />
<br />
Thanks in advance.<br />
<br />
my email ID: kolilakh29@gmail.com<br />
phone: 9840327279<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-o1RdI6bBj7E/WvVziSRJXFI/AAAAAAAACDE/D-HJ07OeIRMug5LAQMXT9IqkLL1bhzE1wCLcBGAs/s1600/WP_20131116_032.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="899" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-o1RdI6bBj7E/WvVziSRJXFI/AAAAAAAACDE/D-HJ07OeIRMug5LAQMXT9IqkLL1bhzE1wCLcBGAs/s320/WP_20131116_032.jpg" width="179" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A Course Book on
English</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> follows the syllabus
prescribed by JNTU. This is in two parts.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Part
I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Unit
1—lisening skills: introduction, definition, need for listening, barriers to
listening, need <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for training, exercises<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Unit
2—speaking skills: introduction, oral presentation, extempore speaking
exercise, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>describing
objects/situations/people, exercises, role play, have a problem?, aim for <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>accuracy, dialogues for practice
(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">with 32 pairs of dialogues in boxes
entitled<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘fluency’ and ‘accuracy’</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">),
relationships, discussing as a group<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Unit
3—reading skills: passages <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>writing skills: sentence
formation and building, paragraph writing and building, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>formatting, essay writing, note-taking, formal and informal letters, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>editing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Unit
4—practice exercises on remedial grammar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Unit
5—vocabulary (idioms, homophones etc)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Part
II<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">English
Language Communication Skills Lab<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sounds
of English (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">with diagrammatic
representation of tongue positions and words practice</b>), tongue twisters,
situational dialogues, oral presentation, paper presentations. Information
transfer, debate, sample conversations, telephone skills and etiquette<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
book is accompanied by a free CD consisting of 17 tracks:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Introduction— Track 00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.
Listening skills<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ex.1—pasages 1—10—Track One<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ex.2—passages 11-12—Track Two<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ex.3—passages 13—15—Track Three<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ex.4—passages 1—4—Track Four<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.
Pronunciation, accent and intonation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1—4 pure vowels<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Track Five<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5—8 pure vowels<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Track Six<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9—12 pure vowels<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Track Seven<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Minimal pairs<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Track Eight<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8 diphthongs<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Track Nine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Difficult consonant sounds Track Ten<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Commonly mispronounced words—1 Track Eleven<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Commonly mispronounced words—2 Track Twelve<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Words with accent<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Track Thirteen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘Rhythm’ of the English language<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Track Fourteen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘Stress’ for meaning change<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Track Fifteen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Three ‘tones’<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Track
Sixteen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.
Conversation practice<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Telephone conversations<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Track Seventeen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Conversations in context<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Track Eighteen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Giving directions<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Track
Nineteen </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">_________________________________________________________________________________ </span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-28652761445855942372018-05-11T03:34:00.003-07:002018-05-11T03:34:43.306-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Communication Skills for Engineers</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
This book was published in 2008 by Scitech Publications, Chennai. The copyright is with me.<br />
<br />
Like the previous three books, this book covers the English syllabus for first year students of engineering in colleges affiliated to Anna University, Chennai.<br />
<br />
You may find the following posting to your liking. If you do, please do recommend it to a publisher in your area so students may benefit.<br />
<br />
Thanks in advance.<br />
<br />
my email ID: kolilakh29@gmail.com<br />
phone:9840327279<br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
contents run to several pages and are self explanatory. They clearly
enumerate sllabus items, and the book deals with them exhaustively. The book
helps learners identify the nuances of the English language with the
traditional aspects. Non-verbal
communication has been given special focus. Learners get a look-in at
‘advertisements’. The book stresses E-mail etiquette. Learners get an idea of
how to write ‘proposals’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-2554914031688391992018-05-11T01:52:00.002-07:002018-05-11T01:52:44.674-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>English for Technical Communication--books 1 and 2</b></span><br />
<br />
These two books were published in 2002 by Scitech Publications, Chennai. The copyright is with me.<br />
<br />
You may find the following material absorbing. If you do, please recommend them to a publisher in your area.<br />
<br />
Like the previous books, these books can be used gainfully to teach English to Arts and Science undergraduates as well.<br />
<br />
Thanks in advance.<br />
<br />
my email ID: kolilakh29@gmail.com<br />
phone:9840327279<br />
<br />
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<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
Course book is in two volumes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">English for
Technical Communication Volume 1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Its
preface is in Thamizh, the state language of Thamizh Nadu, a Southern State of
India. This book facilitates the effort put in by students from regional medium
to learn science and technical subjects without difficulty by suggesting ways
and means to not consider English as an obstacle. This also introduces you to
equip themselves with skills to tackle written test, group discussion and
interview, the three steps they have to go through to land a job successfully.
Besides, it helps them with tips about how to retain their job. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Next
it enables them to distinguish between hearing capacity and listening ability
and improve your listening skills. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Of
course there are other things as well that are important to them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Contents<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.
Getting ready for a job <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1. introduction<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. discipline (subject) knowledge<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3. The English language<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4. Communicating<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Getting
ready to study technical subjects<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lists of technical and scientific
vocabulary in English and their Thamizh equivalents<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.
Resources<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.
Energy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.
The computer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5.
Transport<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">All
the lessons are patterned after a specific design. Here is a sample:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Learning
Segment 1—Resources<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Section
1 Listen (1.1, 1.2, 5.6)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>30 minutes|<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2 Speak [confidence building]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>20
minutes| lecture 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3 Write [4.1]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>40 minutes|<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4 Identify adjectives<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>10 minutes| lecture 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5 Read and write—FOOD [3.1, 3.3,
3.3]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>40 minutes|<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6 Speak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>10 minutes| lecture 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7 Revise grammar [5.7] tenses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>40
minutes|<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8 Speak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10
minutes| lecture 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9 Read and write—FOOD PRESERVATION<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>40 minutes|<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[3.9, 3.10, 5.1, 5.6, 5.12,
5.13]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10 Speak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10
minutes| lecture 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>11 Revise grammar [5.7] tenses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>40
minutes|<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>12 Speak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10
minutes| lecture 8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>13 Spell [5.14], pronunciation
[5.15]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>40
minutes|<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>14 Speak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10 minutes| lecture 9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>15 Interpret tables [3.5,
4.9]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>40 minutes|<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>16 Speak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>10 minutes| lecture 10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>17 Read and write—WATER<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>40
minutes|<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[3.2, 3.9, 3.10, 3.8, 4.9]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>18 Speak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10
minutes| lecture 11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>19 Revise grammar [5.7]
tenses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>40 minutes|<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>20 Speak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10
minutes| lecture 12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>21 Read [5.2, 5.12] RAIN WATER
HARVESTING<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>40 minutes|<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>22 Speak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>10 minutes| lecture 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>23 TUTORIALS<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>lectures 14—17 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Note:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1. In all the Learning Segments, the duration
for Sections is only suggestive. This <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Segment could even go beyond 11
hours depending on how slowly the segment is <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>completed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. Throughout this Book, speech
activity is fundamentally a confidence-building <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>exercise only. 2.1—2.10 of the syllabus
will automatically be taken care of with<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the passage of time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3. The number in brackets in each
Section refers to respective related syllabus items.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">___________________________________________________________________________
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">_________________________________________________________________________________ </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">English for Technical Communication Volume 2<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">This Volume has four themes: Technology, Communication, Environment and Industry. All thse affect our lives, mould our thoughts and shape our beliefs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The exercises will make learners think, analyse, reason, infer, imply and express appropriately. They should prepare themselves for the exercises one week before the actual lecture hour.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">This Volume ends with the remaining parts of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">How to get a job and retain it?</i> They consist of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cocurricular activities</i>—seminars, paper presentations, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Getting a job</i>—the written test, the G.D., the interview, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Retaining the job</i>—pair communication, brainstorming, oral presentation, conferences, reports and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">listening.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Learning Segments here have the same pattern as the ones they found in Volume 1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">A Note: These two volumes and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">all subsequent course books</b> have been based on the<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>syllabuses prescribed by Anna University.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-71054391588923292152018-05-10T23:47:00.000-07:002018-05-10T23:47:02.745-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Effective Technical English</b></span><br />
<br />
This book was published in 1999 by Scitech Publications. The copyright is with me.<br />
<br />
You may find the information below engaging. If you do, please recommend it to a publisher in your area so that students of English may benefit.<br />
<br />
Thanks in advance.<br />
<br />
my email ID: kolilakh29@gmail.com<br />
phone:9840327279<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1_ydiLbhEJg/WvUz-nG9F1I/AAAAAAAAB2g/LjVkZeZwg4Ma2Qt931fpi2gJNEU7upMAACLcBGAs/s1600/WP_20131116_031.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="899" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1_ydiLbhEJg/WvUz-nG9F1I/AAAAAAAAB2g/LjVkZeZwg4Ma2Qt931fpi2gJNEU7upMAACLcBGAs/s320/WP_20131116_031.jpg" width="179" /></a></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Effective
Technical English conforms to the English syllabuses of B.E. students of
Jawaharlal Nehru Technical University, Hyderababd, Andhra Pradesh, India.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
is what Professor Jacob Tharu, former Head, Department of Evaluation, CIEFL,
Hyderabad said of the first coursebook:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">This ‘Course-book with a difference’ as the
author describes it will <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> without doubt be a sound and accessible
resource relating to English<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> proficiency for engineering students. It
presents compactly in one <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> book—yet quite comprehensively—the
essentials of the English <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> language. The author has taken care
to cover the main areas <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> indicated in the syllabus for B.E.
Technical English prescribed by the <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> JNTU. At the same time there is
extensive matter providing practice <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> for the major sections of the TOEFL
examinations and typical all India <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> competitive examinations. It will
thus be useful for the first year students <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> with an English requirement and for
those in higher classes. Indeed, I <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> expect this latter group to make even
fuller use of the book than the <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> juniors. I have noted over recent years
that engineering students who <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> see first year ‘compulsory English’ as
a chore begin later to appreciate <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> the value of effective proficiency
in English. In the senior years they <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> need to use English—to formulate project
proposals, write technical reports, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> make oral presentations, interact with
professionals during practical training, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> prepare for job interviews etc. students
at this stage of study will surely find <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> this new book a handy and dependable
companion. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">It is user oriented and user friendly in the
best sense...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-91156120451496464512018-05-10T22:59:00.000-07:002018-05-10T23:04:39.053-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>English for Technical Communication</b></span><br />
<br />
This book was published in 1998 by Scitech Publications, Chennai. The copyright is with me.<br />
<br />
You may find the information below absorbing. If you do, please recommend it to a publisher in your area so that readers may benefit.<br />
<br />
Like 'a means to an end', this book can be used <u>even for Arts and Science undergraduates</u>, replacing the technical-oriented content to general theme content. <br />
<br />
Thanks in advance.<br />
<br />
my email ID: kolilakh29@gmail.com<br />
phone:9840327279<br />
<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">English for Technical Communication </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">went into three editions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
Coursebook conformed to the learning pattern set by the new syllabus of Madras University.. This is in
two parts. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Part
1 has six sections. There is a section each on grammar, reading comprehension,
dialogue writing and notemaking, transcoding and technical report writing,
letter writing and essay writing. Each section gives you sufficient guidelines
to use English for various purposes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Part
2 deals with writing assignments, paper presentation and listening in three
different sections. These are new welcome additions. They introduce you to two
communicating abilities: (a) expressing technical information and (b)
comprehending information through listening.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I
hope that by the end of the academic year you will have gained enough
confidence in using English to listen, read, write and speak in the bargain in
order to communicate (speak and write) your needs to others and to understand
(listen and read) others’ needs as well. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">_________________________________________________________________________________ </span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-88322215977762415012018-05-10T06:18:00.000-07:002018-05-10T09:02:43.003-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">a means to an end</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
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This was published in 1993 by Allied Publlishers, Chennai. The copyright is with me. </div>
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A series of coursebooks covering the syllabuses of English for students of engineering disciplines followed this; you'll find them in the next post onwards. </div>
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You may find the information here interesting. If you do, please recommend it to a publisher in your area. </div>
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Thanks in advance.</div>
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my email ID: kolilakh29@gmail.com</div>
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phone:9840327279</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
year was 1993 when I wrote my first course book for the English syllabus of
first year students of Bachelor of Engineering disciplines being offered by
various engineering colleges affiliated to Madras University. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">By
then, I’d several articles published in professional journals and dailies. I
never thought I’d get to write books, let alone course books. To my disbelief
it happened when I had a call from Mr Mohan, the then Manager of Allied
Publishers, Madras. He requested me to write a course book for B.E. English
syllabus. He also accepted my wish to design and write the book the way I
wanted to. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">There
was a reason for this request. This happened in 1991. Most students and faculty
in several colleges had been dissatisfied with the then English syllabus. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
was almost the end of 1991. I had been teaching for almost six years ‘Technical
English’ to first year students studying several Bachelor of Engineering
disciplines. Most students and faculty had been dissatisfied with their English
syllabuses. This prompted me to conduct a Survey on Curriculum Development in
English Language Teaching for engineering students in Thamizh Nadu and seek
responses from students, faculty teaching English, faculty teaching engineering
disciplines and practising engineers to learn the desirable changes they’d like
to see. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">My College Management (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">of
Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering) was
magnanimous enough to permit and fund the research project. I owe this
opportunity to <b>Prof Krishnan</b>, my second Principal. I had 1455 students, 27 English lecturers, 128 lecturers from
departments of engineering disciplines, 67 practising engineers as respondents
providing feedback to questionnaires suited to each group. I followed this up
with a workshop based on the Survey findings. The ELT specialists at the
workshop resolved to strive for changing the curriculum through various
measures. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I wanted a coursebook that would
reflect the expectations of students and teachers. With Mr Mohan’s request, <b>A Means to an End</b> was born. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Though I’ve written several course books since, <b>this book is special to me</b> for several
reasons. First, because this is my first course book ever. Second, I could
provide what students, faculty and practicing engineers wished to see.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Third, I think
I put to good use the freedom given by the publisher. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
Coursebook caters, to the extent possible, to the needs and wishes of
prospective engineers. Students of various engineering institutions from all
Tamil Nadu had responded to a Survey Questionnaire. They expressed
dissatisfaction over their English syllabuses and prescribed textbooks. They
wanted VARIETY in lesson content, practice in listening, speaking and writing,
a revision of grammar, ways to improve their vocabulary acquisition. Even
English teachers, teachers of engineering disciplines and working engineers had
expressed similar views.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
this regard, Prof. Jacob Tharu, Head, Dept. of Evaluation, CIEFL, Hyderabad has
these to say in his Foreword to the book:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mr
Lakshminarayanan has produced in a remarkably short time one very valuable and
concrete contribution towards that larger goal (para 2 above). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Quite
apart from the nobility of the cause, I am pleased to be able t o commend this
coursebook on grounds of quality. The challenge of offering variety in the
content presented has certainly been taken up boldly and with, it seems to me,
the feel of an experienced teacher for what college students will respond to.
The wide range of activities (interestingly called “learning experiences”) do
hold the promise of interest and challenge for students of differing tastes,
styles and abilities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
book seems to do two things well. Each unit sets out a solid base from which to
gently push learners into meaningful communicative activity. It also has that
reassuring layer of explanation and elaboration for those who want a text that
‘teaches’...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
was prescribed as a textbook by Madras University in 1993 and 1994. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Publishers never came back to me to continue to write for them. I was told that
their Head Office was not keen on publishing course books. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> _________________________________________________________________________________ </span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-54373818324951145152018-05-10T05:08:00.000-07:002018-05-10T05:08:10.969-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>A Handy Book on English Grammar</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
This was published in 2011 by Scitech Publications. The copyright is with me.<br />
<br />
You may find the following interesting. If you do, please recommend this to a publisher in your area.<br />
<br />
Thanks in advance.<br />
<br />
my email ID: kolilakh29@gmail.com<br />
phone: 9840327279<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Thank you for buying this Book or browsing
through this in a bookshop. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">You may groan, ‘Oh, not another one!’ But
be patient with me and read this preface. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Yes, there are ever so many books on
English grammar in the market, then why another one? What can this Book have
others don’t? Well, read on.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">You are a <i>student</i>
(school/college—Thamizh/English medium)? You are a <i>parent</i>? </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">You are a <i>teacher</i> (school/college)?
You are one who needs to use English correctly? All of you will find this Book
useful, informative, engaging, even exciting. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">There is so much to learn, so much to know.
It’s not just parts of speech and sentence patterns—SVOOCA—this Book introduces
you to. It does much more. Because there is so much that English as a language
offers. See the <i>Content pages</i>.<i> </i>You’ll realize this Book offers
much more than any other book in the market. The more you know how English
expresses thoughts, the more <i>enjoyable</i> this learning experience becomes.
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Yet, everyone of you will be at different
stages of learning English. I realise this and I’ve provided the wealth of
English <b>usage</b> accordingly. I’ve divided this wealth into three <b>levels</b>:
basic, intermediate and advanced. <i>Basic</i> is the key you’ll use to enjoy
the ground floor of this (your!) house of knowledge, <i>Intermediate</i> is the
staircase you’ll climb to enjoy the first floor, <i>Advanced</i> is another
staircase you’ll climb to enjoy the second floor open to the heavens—the sun,
the moon, the stars, and the clear blue sky. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">What <i>is</i> grammar? You may say it’s a
bag full of dos and don’ts. I won’t blame you because that is the impression or
feeling every non-native student of English had or has. You’ve learnt the
grammar of your tongue right from the time you were in your mother’s womb, you
hear it everywhere all the time, you speak and write it all the time. This is
not the case with English. Do you hear it used around you—in your home, in your
street, in your school, in shops, in public places? No, you don’t. Yet, English
is very important to you for various reasons. You have to learn to use English.
How do you do that? From grammar lessons, from English textbooks, from fiction,
from films, from TV channels. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Grammar is no more than a mirror; it </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">records </span></b><span lang="EN-US">how
people have been <b>using</b> a language
they call theirs. I can call to mind two classic examples: 1. The use of plural
pronoun for a singular noun like ‘everyone’ (see 4.199—concord) and 2. Ending a
sentence with a preposition; you’ll read the classic instance of Winston
Churchill frowning over the corrections his secretary made.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Grammar is not a villain, it’s a friend, I
tell you. For the simple reason, this Book just provides information on how </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">native
users</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> <u>use</u> English in speech and writing, how
they <u>put</u> nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions in <u>certain
ways</u>, how they <u>form</u> sentences and questions. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Your mother knows the recipe for Idly,
Dosa, puttu, fish or chicken curry. Suppose you ask her to cook food the
Mexican way or the Chinese way, she has to look for a recipe. You know the
recipe for how to use your mother tongue. But to use English the English way,
you have to look for a recipe. Grammar is that recipe. Use it, you’ll soon
become a chef! God bless you! </span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-60190394726927436432018-05-10T02:47:00.001-07:002018-05-10T02:47:11.860-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Learn to Edit in Style</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
This was published in 2010 by Scitech Publications, Chennai. The copyright is with me.<br />
<br />
You may find the following pages interesting. If you do, please recommend it to a publisher in your area so that readers may benefit.<br />
<br />
Thanks in advance.<br />
<br />
my email ID: kolilakh29@gmail.com<br />
phone:9840327279<br />
<br />
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US">Thank you for
purchasing </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Learn to</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Edit in Style!</span></b><span lang="EN-US">
You’ll not regret it, I assure you. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">The book market
is replete with publications from publishing houses on almost all topics or
themes, geared to helping you achieve your communicating goals. But there are
almost no books specifically devoted to ‘editing’.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">This Book is in
three Parts:1. The Process of Editing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2. Practising Editing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.
Paragraph Building.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">Part 1</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> emphasizes the need to communicate and develop writing skills. It
highlights the absence of and the need for revision as part of the process of
writing—whether it’s an essay, assignment or email or a letter, memo or report.
It then provides <b>tips </b>you can gainfully put to use <u>while writing</u>,
and then goes on to help you acquire editing skills. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">When we write, we
do err in the choice of words and sentence constructions. <b>Part 2</b>
provides faulty sentences, paragraphs and longer pieces of writing with
improved versions. As you look at the examples, as you move from defective
expressions to improved ones, as you grasp and grip the process of editing and
the reasons for editing, you’ll realize that editing does not after all require
superhuman effort and that it requires only willingness and effort on your
part. Initially, editing <b>is</b> a conscious effort but as you keep editing
your writing, it becomes so reflexive that you’ll not even be aware you’re
editing. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Most of us, for
lack of practice in writing, may not be presenting our thoughts in well-
developed paragraphs. <b>Part 3</b> lends you support and strength. It
presents, analyses and discusses the development of a paragraph with a topic
sentence and other sentences shaping major and minor details.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">You’ll need a
dictionary on your writing table—Oxford’s Advanced Learner’s dictionary or
Cambridge Learner’s Dictionary. And, of course, my ‘Learn to Edit in Style’!</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Wish you a
fruitful journey in the path of editing!</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><o:p>_________________________________________________________________________________ </o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-66919466317762180652018-05-10T00:05:00.000-07:002018-05-10T01:36:50.948-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Pen your letters</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
This was published in 2008 by Scitech Publishers, Chennai. The copyright is with me.<br />
<br />
You may find the information in this post interesting. If you do, please recommend it to a publisher in your area so that readers may benefit from this.<br />
<br />
Thanks in advance.<br />
<br />
my email ID: kolilakh29@gmail.com<br />
phone: 9840327279<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-a0Y9watApAs/WvPw-3dQ2cI/AAAAAAAABdQ/VNLq6GLydVo98u6wchM-vO01FtBuFPwHgCLcBGAs/s1600/letters.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="293" data-original-width="164" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-a0Y9watApAs/WvPw-3dQ2cI/AAAAAAAABdQ/VNLq6GLydVo98u6wchM-vO01FtBuFPwHgCLcBGAs/s1600/letters.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
You’ll find this book a handy ready
reckoner for letter writing. It has model letters for almost all situations in
all the three contexts—formal, semiformal and informal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">In all there are 138 sample letters. These
are grouped into two categories: <b>Personal</b>
and <b>Non-Personal</b>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Under the first category, the first 43
letters have, for their contents, various day-to-day communicative acts. You’ll
learn how to thank, congratulate, condole, persuade, invite. Through the choice
of words and sentence structures appropriate to a situation in a given context,
these letters will help you to model yours on them. Then you have 12 letters
that deal with semiformal relationships with public figures and experts. You’ll
also get to know how to request someone to write letters of reference to
whichever organization you apply for a job. The first Section closes with
letters to strangers. After reading them, you’ll see the need to be polite and
formal.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Under the second category, the first nine
letters are job applications with cover letters and resumes. If you’re not sure
what to write in your cover letters and what to mention in your resumes,
especially if you <b>are a fresher</b> and
so have no job experience, the next five letter help you present your
credentials forcefully. You are also introduced to presenting information in
your resume in different ways. An electronic format of a curriculum vitae is
also available which you can use to write your own. The next thirty letters
will make you job easy if you’re interested in writing request letters to
banks, local bodies, the police, government offices. Whether you are a student
or an employee, your superior cannot blame you for writing a clumsy leave
letter if you fashion yours on the models provided. You’ll also learn to ask for testimonials
from your faculty or superiors. There is a subject subsection on business
correspondence as well. Here, you’ll get to know how to express yourself to
make complaints, seek clarifications or ask for adjustments. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The ‘Bank Transactions’ Section saves you
from the embarrassment of asking for help to do a few basic transactions like
crediting, withdrawing, getting a demand draft. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">With <b>Pen
your Letters </b>at your writing table, doubts about your writing ability will
no longer gnaw at your mind.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">_________________________________________________________________________________ </span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-72997345699055840872018-05-09T23:54:00.006-07:002018-05-10T00:11:17.710-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Speak in English you can! with a CD</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
This was published in 2006 by Scitech Publications, Chennai. Now the copyright is with me.<br />
<br />
You may find the following information interesting. If you do, I'd appreciate it if you could recommend it to some publisher in your area so that readers can benefit from this.<br />
<br />
Thanks in advance.<br />
<br />
My email ID: kolilakh29@gmail.com<br />
phone: 9840327279<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PVVCWxEELkk/WvPSlQe71FI/AAAAAAAABaU/0iD-vf3xvzwSRlbroAlDYRRkiiHefznbwCLcBGAs/s1600/speak.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="277" data-original-width="158" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PVVCWxEELkk/WvPSlQe71FI/AAAAAAAABaU/0iD-vf3xvzwSRlbroAlDYRRkiiHefznbwCLcBGAs/s1600/speak.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "zapfellipt bt" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "zapfellipt bt" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It begins with an introduction to
communicating orally; here you learn briefly but clearly about communication,
your relationships with your partners (formal, informal and semiformal) and
factors affecting communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "zapfellipt bt" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It then goes on to introduce you
to how native speakers of English greet and introduce themselves. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "zapfellipt bt" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It next moves on to present sixty
dialogues in social and business contexts on </span><span style="font-family: "tahoma" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">introductions, greetings, giving directions, helping strangers, meeting
people, inviting, taking care of guests, sharing thoughts, purchases,
reporting, complaining, banking, travelling, eating out, looking for
accommodation, meeting officials.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "zapfellipt bt" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It also appends to the conversations
information on </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">question tags, contracted form,
reported speech, impersonal passive, ‘It’ and ‘there’ sentences, meanings of
modals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "zapfellipt bt" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It closes with a note on some
essential features of spoken English like interjections, words and phrases, a
few useful everyday expressions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "zapfellipt bt" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Of course there is a CD going with
the book, containing 30 and odd dialogues spoken by my students and colleagues.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "zapfellipt bt" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">___________________________________________________________________________
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-75367333128932941792018-05-08T22:27:00.000-07:002018-05-10T00:10:08.272-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>The Communicating Art</b></span></div>
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This was published in 2004 by Scitech Publlications, Chennai. Now the copyright is with me.</div>
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You may find the following information interesting, and if you do, I'd appreciate it if you could recommend it to some publisher in your area so that readers can benefit from this. </div>
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Thanks in advance.</div>
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My email ID: kolilakh29@gmail.com</div>
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phone: 9840327279</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
was the first book I wrote for public consumption. It was published by SCITECH
Publications, Chennai, India in 2004.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I
wish to introduce the book through its preface.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I
wish to share a few thoughts with you. I wish to bother you because they have
bothered me. Thanks to the printing press and the kindness of my publisher,
I’ve taken the liberty. I hope you’ll bother with these. Anything else is a
bonus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Life
is like constructing homes. The base and the buildings. Life is communicating.
We are genuinely trying all the time to build homes. But how good engineers are
we? I’ve tried to remind ourselves about the operational significance of the
base, the sand, the bricks, the cement, the water, the mortar (the mix), and
the buildings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A
word about content. Though the word ‘communicating’ includes speaking,
listening, reading and writing, I’m using it to refer to speaking and listening
in this book. I’ve been informal in the language choice and the tone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Before
you turn the pages of each section, you’ll find a few posers related to its
theme and its development. Spend a little time on these; shape your concepts;
form your expectations and see how far I’ve met your predictions. This exercise
will hopefully help you (and thus me!) to develop a rapport and have a dialogue
as we talk through each section.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Much
as I’d have liked to share with you in direct dialogue I can opt only for the
next best—writing. I’ve repeated certain thoughts and certain concepts, and
their elaborations have recurred repeatedly because I felt it was necessary.
But then redundancy is a common characteristic of communicating—be it oral or
written. I hope you understand, accept and appreciate this inescapable urge to
share, in the manner I have. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">_________________________________________________________________________
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Sample pages are posted here to give you an idea of what the book offers:<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-63551384557947061272017-01-02T06:21:00.001-08:002017-01-02T06:21:16.481-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Let's welcome 2017 with outstretched arms, a smile on our face, hope in our hearts!<br />
Let 2017 cheer you and your kin, friends. Let joy flow in us and around us. Let's do our bit to reduce pollution, let's contribute our mite to ensure peace. Let God bless us all.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-54405723960884546682016-09-27T08:53:00.000-07:002016-09-27T08:53:00.555-07:00many thanks<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Extremely happy to see viewership crossing 10,000 yesterday in almost three years of the blog's existence.<br />
<br />
Thank you all. </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-77483780976504376942016-03-22T00:18:00.000-07:002016-03-22T00:18:20.128-07:00Silent Letters<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">There are a
lot of silent letters in English. This is because although the pronunciation of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">some words has
changed over the last two or three hundred years the spelling has<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">stayed the
same.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">There aren't
many hard and fast rules, it's more a matter of learning which letters are<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">silent in
certain combinations of letters. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. History<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Sadly we are trapped in an archaic system which
causes great confusion to all learners, both native and non-native. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Here’s
a glance into the history, thanks to Rod Mitchell’s contributions to the
discussion: </span><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/groups/3460329/3460329-6110483903338795011"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hi everyone. Could anybody help with
why some English language letters are silent? For example: walk</span></a></span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> by </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bb
Spoghmay:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">There are two main reasons (among others).</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">1. spurious letters put into words due to either mistaken association,
or a mistaken desire to show etymological origin.</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; padding: 0cm;"><br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">"Island" is an example of the first. In older English it was
"iland", "i" meaning "island" (it is the same as
the -ey in place names like Orkney, Sheppey, Jersey, Guernsey), and
"land" being the word "land". For "island", earlier
"iland", the "s" was put in because someone thought that
the origin was actually the Old French word "isle" (now "île"
in Modern French).</span><span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">"Doubt" and "debt" are examples of the second. In
older English these were written "doute" and "dette", and
were from Old French (in Modern French they are still written "doute"
and "dette"). The word "doute" is from Latin
"dubita". During the Renaissance, when the realisation that Latin was
the ancestor of French, Italian and so on, someone decided it would make English
either more elegant - and perhaps easier to read - if the "b" was
restored (this happened for a little time in older French as well,
"doubte" did appear now and then). "Dette", likewise, was
from Latin "debita" (things that are owed).</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">2. The main reason is language change, and the
spelling system not keeping up with that.</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; padding: 0cm;"><br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">English was first written down using the Latin alphabet around 1400
years ago. The alphabet then was "phonetic". Literacy was wide
spread, except among the peasantry. In 1066, the Norman Conquest brought Norman
French in as the upper class language, and while Old English stayed on a legal
par with Norman French until William the Conqueror's death, in reality it lost
its place as all the English "public servants", bishops and so on
were replaced by Normans.</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; padding: 0cm;"><br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">For a couple of centuries few people read or wrote English, though
literacy in English was much more widespread than we assume. When people
started to read and write in English, in general it was done using Norman
French phonics, with some carry-over from Old English phonics. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The result was a reasonably phonetic spelling
system, all be it with lots of variation according to local accent, dialect and
a host of other things. We can assume that in 1300-1400, when writing in
English spread like wildfire, that words were written as they were pronounced,
including the bulk of the silent letters of modern English.</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; padding: 0cm;"><br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">What then happened was that the writing of English became more and more
"fixed", in particular between 1500-1600, though with nothing like
the rigidity we have nowadays.</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; padding: 0cm;"><br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">In the meantime, English, like all languages, evolved. Most of the
changes that happened after the "fixing" of English spelling were not
reflected in the spelling. That is to say, the words we write on the whole
represent the pronunciation of English of around 700 years ago. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">So, final -e in words like "ride" used to
be pronounced - as a schwa. "gh" used to be pronounced (and sometimes
written) as the "ch" in German "auch". The K- in
"kn" (know, knee, etc.) also used to be pronounced, which is why we
still pronounce it in "acknowledge". The "e" in words like
"liked" also used to be pronounced (as schwa), as it still is in
words like "crooked" and "wicked".</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; padding: 0cm;"><br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">In the case of words such as "talk", "walk",
"baulk" and "would", a change that has been happening in
English (and happened in French, Dutch, Portuguese and many other languages) is
the change of syllable final "l" to dark "l" then to a
"w" like sound in some dialects of English. For example,
"well" is pronounced "weww" in Cockney English.
"Brasil" in Portuguese is pronounced "Braziww", and in
French the change is so old that even the "w" sound has disappeared
(e.g. Old French "batel" "boat" has become modern French
"bateau"). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">In Dutch, English words like "gold" have
a "u" instead of the "l" ("gold" in Dutch is
"goud").</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; padding: 0cm;"><br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The one word in English that comes to mind immediately where the
"l" has disappeared is "won't" (= "will not"). In
the vast majority of cases, even though the "l" has disappeared in
pronunciation (as in "walk", "talk", "baulk",
"would" and "should"), we keep the "l" in
writing. This retention in "should" and "would" has led to
the putting of "l" in "could", where it does not belong. In
older English this was spelt "coude" (and the "e" was
pronounced).</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; padding: 0cm;"><br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The "w" in "write", "wrong",
"wrench" and so on used to be pronounced, like the "k" in
"knee" and the rest; however, one class of word initial "silent"
letters are to be found in foreign words (from Greek, etc.) which have
combinations that are impossible in English phonology. These include
"psychology" and "pterodactyl". We don't pronounce the
first letter of such Greek words, even though in Greek they are pronounced as
written. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. Silent
letters from A to Z </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(The
list is not exhaustive, please)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">A - artistically, logically, musically, romantically, stoically<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">B - comb, climb, debt, plumber, tomb, subtle, dumb, bomb, doubt, , numb,
subpoena, thumb, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> womb.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">C - acquire, acquit, blackguard, connecticut, czar, muscle,
scissors, victual<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">CH<b> - </b>yacht<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">D - handkerchief, Wednesday (commonly said Wens-day)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">E - plaque. vegetable (veg'tab'I), bridge, clothes, Wednesday (commonly
said Wens-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> day). When on the end
of a word, it changes the pronunciation of the word, but the -e is <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> silent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">F - halfpenny<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">G - align, alight, champagne, diaphragm, foreign, gnash, gnat, gnaw,
high, light, reign, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> though<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">GH<b> - </b>right, drought, eight, weigh, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">H - choir, exhaust, hour, honour, honest, herb, rhyme, rhythm, thyme,
Thailand <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">I - business, parliament<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">J - NONE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">K - blackguard.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">KN -words, the<b> k</b> is silent: know, knot, knee, knife,
knight, knock.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">L - calm, folk, salmon, talk, walk, could, should, would, folk, half,
calf.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">M - mnemonic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">N - autumn, chimney, column, damn, damn, government, solemn.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">O- colonel, sophomore, opossum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">P - corps, coup, cupboard, pneumonia, psalm, raspberry, receipt, coup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Q - (NONE)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">R - butter, finger, surprise <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">S - aisle, island, debris, isle, patios, viscount.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">T - beret, Chevrolet, depot, listen, whistle, wrestle, trestle,
mortgage, apostle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> (When talking fast, the ‘t’
is very lightly pronounced in words like Christmas, mountain <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> and little)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">TH<b> - </b>asthma, isthmus, north, Easter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">W - who, whole, write, wrong, two, sword, wrist, answer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">X - faux<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Y - (NONE)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Z - rendezvous<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Note: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Silent letters can be heard depending on a person’s accent. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">In the thread referred to in the ‘History’,
Katerina Xafis makes this observation: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Apparently, L-vocalisation (ie the replacement of
'l' sound with a vowel sound or semi-vowel sound) in words such as 'walk' has
occurred in all Englishes except in Irish English. But strictly speaking, the
sound 'l' has been replaced with a semi-vowel or vowel sound (as Rod so well
explained), so it is not really 'silent', which is what I think James is
referring to. </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; padding: 0cm;"><br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Another example is 'calm' with various ways of pronouncing it --- I have
heard some Am speakers pronounce the 'l'.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Rod Mitchell recommends reading </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">‘Spell
It Out: The Curious, Enthralling and Extraordinary Story of English Spelling’</span></i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">by</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> <a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/David-Crystal/e/B000AP940C/ref=dp_byline_cont_book_1"><span style="color: #0066c0;">David Crystal</span></a>. </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">___________________________________________________________________________
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-54816728691163609252016-03-17T23:10:00.002-07:002016-03-17T23:10:11.930-07:00Worst Practices<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">A few months ago, <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=15454671&goback=%2Egde_3460329_member_5841543407977127937" title="David Deubelbeiss"><span style="color: #006699; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">David Deubelbeiss</span></a> raised a pertinent question
in </span>ELT Professionals around the
world <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">about <b>w</b></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">orst practices</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">: </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">What do teachers do
that can harm student learning then and now and also for future months/years?
I'm sure there are even many common practices that some of us might consider as
harmful.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">1. focussing on </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">the most able learners to the
exclusion of the more shy but able learners <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">2. focussing on the wealthy in class to the exclusion of the poor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">3. considering themselves superior and mocking /
belittling / humiliating weak learners in <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> front of
their peers by word and deed<br />
4. having fun at the ignorance of learners<br />
5. reading learners’ gestures wrongly and (without seeking explanation) hurting
them<br />
6. calling students names<br />
7. accepting another teacher’s image of certain students and looking at them
with prejudiced <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> perception
and developing a negative attitude<br />
<br />
These are some of the things that struck me as worst practices. I’ve seen some
of these happen and do irreparable damage. The can wound the students in
question, destroy their confidence, initiate a dislike for the subject; they
may even pave way for bad blood between such teachers and students, and in all
probability, it’s the students who get punished for no fault of theirs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">_________________________________________________________________________________ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-56744263147570229162016-03-17T23:08:00.000-07:002017-10-31T00:05:49.173-07:00Know these words<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Verbs to do with food preparation</b><br />
<br />
Peel the potato<br />
Mash the potato<br />
Beat the eggs<br />
Knead the dough<br />
Slice the onion<br />
Chop the onion<br />
Shell the peas<br />
Shred the lettuce<br />
Dice the carrot<br />
Grate the cheese<br />
Toss the salad<br />
Sift the icing sugar<br />
Drain the pasta<br />
Grease the tin<br />
___________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
<b>Some action verbs </b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Hit/press PageDown key<br />
Hold down the shift key and press Q.<br />
Press/Push the rewind button<br />
Turn a knob /handle/dial<br />
Turn (the fire) up/down<br />
Turn on/ off—lights, television, radio, machines (with motors), cars, gas, tap, water<br />
Switch on/off—lights, television, radio, matchines (with motors)<br />
___________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
<b>Words to do with shopping </b><br />
<br />
<i>Clothes</i><br />
‘wear’ is commonly used with dresses that we use for several purposes like children’s wear, sportswear, school wear.<br />
<br />
Beachwear/swimwear: swimming costumes, trunks, bikinis, swimsuits<br />
Maternity wear : for women who are going to have a baby<br />
Leisurewear : for relaxing in- sweatshirts, tracksuits<br />
Casuals : informal clothes not suitable for work: jeans, slacks, pullovers<br />
Knitwear : knitted woollen clothes—jumpers, sweaters, jerseys<br />
Underwear : to wear under other clothes—underpants, bras<br />
Lingerie : woment’s clothes for sleeping in and underclothes-bra, nightdress<br />
Hosiery : thin clothes worn on the legs by women –stockings, tights<br />
Coordinates : women’s clothese in matching colours<br />
Accessories : handbags, shoes, gloves, umbrellas<br />
Fabrics : cloth used to make clothes<br />
Haberdashery : cloth, wool, and tools for making clothes and for sewing<br />
<br />
Goods for the house and garden<br />
You’ll find these under ‘domestic’, ‘home’ and ‘household’ titles:<br />
Furnishings : furniture, curtains, carpets<br />
(Br) soft furnishings /<br />
(Am) soft goods : curtains, furniture coverings<br />
(Br) drapery /<br />
(Am) dry goods : cloth and cloth goods esp. for making curtains<br />
Appliances : devices or machines for cleaning, cooking etc.<br />
Kitchenware : plates, bowls, knives, forks<br />
Ovenware : dishes and other containers in which food can be cooked<br />
Cutlery : knives, forks, spoons<br />
Silverware, glassware : articles made of silver or glass<br />
China or chinaware : plates, cups and ornaments made of china<br />
Lines : cotton items like bed sheets and table cloths<br />
Homecare : substances and tools for cleaning the house<br />
DIY<br />
(do it yourself) : materials and tools for decorating and improving your house or<br />
Garden<br />
Hardware<br />
(Br also) ironmongery : tools or equipment used in house or garden<br />
<br />
<br />
<i>Other types of items</i><br />
Greeting cards : printed cards for birthdays, weddings etc.<br />
Stationery : pens, paper, envelops etc.<br />
Handicrafts : materials and tools for sewing, weaving<br />
Needlework : materials and tools for sewing<br />
Luggage/travel goods : bags and articles used while travelling: suitcases, holdalls<br />
Cosmetics : items used to improve your appearance: lipstick, eye liner<br />
Confectionary : sweet foods, cakes, chocolate, (Br) sweets .(Am) candy<br />
Toiletries : used to clean and tidy yourself: soap, toothpaste, hair brushes<br />
__________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
<b>Tools</b><br />
pliers, screwdriver, spanner (Br)/wrench (Am), hammer, mallet, chisel, saw, bolt and nut, file, nail, drill, hacksaw, plane<br />
___________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
<b>Kitchen items </b><br />
Saucepan, frying pa(Br)/skillet (Am), teapot, toaster, kettle, chopping board (Br)/ cutting board (Am), tea strainer, oven glove (Br) / oven mitten (Am), rolling pin, ladle, whisk,<br />
can (Br)/tin (Am) opener, grater, blender/liquidiser, fridge/freezer (Br)/ refrigerator/freezer (Am), colander, sieve, grill (Br)/broiler (Am), sink, tap (Br)/ faucet (Am), scouring pad, worktop(Br)/counter (Am), bin (Br)/wastebasket(Am), cutlery(Br)/silverware(Am), fish slice(Br)/spatula(Am), funnel, washing-up liquid(Br)/dishwashing liquid(Am),<br />
cooker (Br)/stove (Am)<br />
___________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
<b>Footwear </b><br />
Slipper (see dictionary), flip-flop (Br)/thong (Am), sandal, plimsoll (Br)/sneaker(Am), clog, slingback, rubber boot/wellington, shoehorn (used to slip your foot in), cowboy boot, ankle boot, football boot(Br)/cleats(Am)<br />
___________________________________________________________________________<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Pairs</b><br />
gloves*, handcuffs—cuffs(informal), forceps, pliers, scissors, shears, tweezers<br />
<br />
briefs, jeans, knickers, pants, shorts, stockings*, tights, trousers, trunks<br />
<br />
boots*, sandals*, shoes*, slippers*, socks*, trainers*<br />
<br />
binoculars, glasses—shades(informal) (=sunglasses), spectacles—specs(informal)<br />
<br />
earrings, headphones<br />
<br />
*these words can be used in the singular to refer to a single item.<br />
___________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-33054370212869586922016-03-11T22:58:00.002-08:002016-03-11T22:58:18.692-08:00How can you make students pay attention in the class?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Give
them the confidence that you are there FOR them. Let them feel you are there to
support their justifiable causes. Let them understand you are there to make
their lives smooth for them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">How
do you do all these? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">By being much more than a subject teacher.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">See
them as human beings, understand and deal with their shortcomings with empathy
(mind you, don’t condescend, they’ll know), applaud their strengths, help them
in whatever way you can with the administration and other staff. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Ground Rules<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
my first class with students, I'd emphasise this: Remember this every moment
you're in class. Two palms are required to clap, two feet are needed to move,
mind and heart are necessary to make a human whole, if I'm the one palm you are
the other, if I'm one foot you're the
other. If I'm the heart you're the mind. I'll do my best and so should you.<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #333333;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">All
the others are secondary. The ground rules come first. Always. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Greet them
first <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Don’t
wait for your students, greet them as soon as you see them, wherever you see
them. A greeting and a cheerful face go a long way in initiating the rapport.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. Make
enquiries<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Enquire
after their health, get to know details about any visible health issue. Such a
gesture indicates your concern for them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. Encourage
them<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Involve
yourself in extracurricular activities; this will lead to their participation.
Praise their little or big successes. Admire their talents. Be proud of their
achievements. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. Support their
just causes<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Let
them see you championing their wishes, needs and comforts. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6. Meet parents<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Be
in frequent touch with parents or relatives. Especially of those ‘difficult’
children. Discuss their physical and mental well-being. Suggest that neatness
and discipline at home, respect for time, good habits go a long way in shaping
their children’s future.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">7. Outdoors<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arrange
for picnics, trips to places closeby, meaningful occupation of time—games,
singing, dancing, painting, cooking. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arrange
for meaningful social activities—keeping surroundings clean, literacy to
elders, getting things done for illiterates. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">And
so on. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Be much more than a subject teacher. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-90703217566040205462016-03-04T02:58:00.004-08:002016-03-04T02:58:57.623-08:00Misused words<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="background: white; line-height: 21.4pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;"><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/a-harvard-linguist-reveals-the-most-misused-words-in-english-2015-12?IR=T">http://www.businessinsider.com/a-harvard-linguist-reveals-the-most-misused-words-in-english-2015-12?IR=T</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 21.4pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Here are some highlights:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Adverse</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">means "detrimental." It does not
mean "averse" or "disinclined." Correct: "There were
adverse effects." / "I'm not averse to doing that."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Appraise</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">means to "ascertain the value of."
It does not mean to "apprise" or to "inform." Correct:
"I appraised the jewels." / "I apprised him of the
situation."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Beg the
question</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">means that
a statement assumes the truth of what it should be proving; it does not mean to
"raise the question." Correct: "When I asked the dealer why I
should pay more for the German car, he said I would be getting 'German
quality,' but that just begs the question."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Bemused</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">means "bewildered." It does not mean
"amused." Correct: "The unnecessarily complex plot left me
bemused." / "The silly comedy amused me."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Cliché</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">is a noun, not an adjective. The adjective is<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>clichéd</em>.
Correct: "Shakespeare used a lot of clichés." / "The plot was so
clichéd."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Data</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;"> </span></b></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">is a plural<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.cws.illinois.edu/workshop/writers/massnouns/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #196d8d;">count noun</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>not,
standardly speaking, a mass noun. [Note: "<em>Data </em>is rarely used as a plural today, just
as<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>candelabra</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>agenda</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>long ago ceased to be plurals,"
Pinker writes. "But I still like it."] Correct: "This datum
supports the theory, but many of the other data refute it."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Depreciate</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">means to "decrease in value." It
does not mean to "deprecate" or to "disparage." Correct:
"My car has depreciated a lot over the years." / "She deprecated
his efforts."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Disinterested</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">means "unbiased." It does not mean
"uninterested." Correct: "The dispute should be resolved by a
disinterested judge." / "Why are you so uninterested in my
story?"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Enormity</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;"> </span></b></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">refers to extreme evil. It does
not mean "enormousness." [Note: It is acceptable to use it to mean a
deplorable enormousness.] Correct: "The enormity of the terrorist bombing
brought bystanders to tears." / "The enormousness of the homework
assignment required several hours of work."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Hone</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">means to "sharpen." It does not mean
to "home in on" or "to converge upon." Correct: "She
honed her writing skills." / "We're homing in on a solution."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">11.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Hung</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;"> </span></b></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">means "suspended." It
does not mean "suspended from the neck until dead." Correct: "I
hung the picture on my wall." / "The prisoner was hanged."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">12.</span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Ironic</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">means "uncannily incongruent." It
does not mean "inconvenient" or "unfortunate." Correct:
"It was ironic that I forgot my textbook on human memory." / "It
was unfortunate that I forgot my textbook the night before the quiz."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">13.</span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Nonplussed</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">means "stunned" or
"bewildered." It does not mean "bored" or
"unimpressed." Correct: "The market crash left the experts
nonplussed." / "His market pitch left the investors
unimpressed."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">14.</span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Parameter</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;"> </span></b></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">refers to a variable. It not mean
"boundary condition" or "limit." Correct: "The
forecast is based on parameters like inflation and interest rates." /
"We need to work within budgetary limits."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">15.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Phenomena</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">is a plural count noun — not a mass noun.
Correct: "The phenomenon was intriguing, but it was only one of many
phenomena gathered by the telescope."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">16.</span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Shrunk,
sprung, stunk</span></strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">, and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>sunk</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>are past participles--not words in the
past tense. Correct: "I've shrunk my shirt." / "I shrank my
shirt."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">17.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Simplistic</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">means "naively or overly simple." It
does not mean "simple" or "pleasingly simple." Correct:
"His simplistic answer suggested he wasn't familiar with the
material." / "She liked the chair's simple look."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">18.</span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Verbal</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;"> </span></b></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">means "in linguistic
form." It does not mean "oral" or "spoken." Correct:
"Visual memories last longer than verbal ones."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.75pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">19.</span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Effect</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">means "influence";<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>to
effect</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>means
"to put into effect";<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>to affect</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span>means either "to influence"
or "to fake." Correct: "They had a big effect on my style."
/ "The law effected changes at the school." / "They affected my
style." / "He affected an air of sophistication to impress her
parents."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">20.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Lie</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">(<a href="http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/transitive-and-intransitive-verbs" target="_blank"><span style="color: #196d8d;">intransitive</span></a>: lies, lay,
has lain) means to "recline";<span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span><strong>lay</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b> </b></span>(transitive: lays, laid, has
laid) means to "set down";<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>lie</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(intransitive: lies, lied, has lied)
means to "fib." Correct: "He lies on the couch all day." /
"He lays a book upon the table." / "He lies about what he
does."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 21.4pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">It should be noted that while it's
always good to<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.inc.com/jessica-stillman/learn-to-write-no-excuses.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #196d8d;">polish up your writing</span></a>, one
of the joys of language is that it isn't fixed in time. It evolves. Nor is
there a single "correct" style (in English, at least).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 21.4pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">You'd neither connect nor impress
if you chose your words like an Oxford don at a rap battle (though, actually,
someone please make that YouTube video), and you'd be unlikely to get a job at
an investment bank today speaking like Shakespeare.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 21.4pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14.5pt;">Why is this important? It's easy
to get too caught up in being perfectly "correct" and become<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.inc.com/jessica-stillman/3-language-mistakes-you-can-stop-worrying-about.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #196d8d;">a tedious language snob</span></a>.
Remember you probably want to come across as intelligent and thoughtful, not
uptight and pedantic. So don't get so worked up over the little things that you
miss the larger point of good<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.inc.com/jessica-stillman/3-ways-terrible-writing-can-kill-your-business.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #196d8d;">writing</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>— to communicate clearly and
engagingly with your chosen audience.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p> In a Linked in discussion, I found these:</o:p></div>
<div class="js-comment-body" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=ADcAAAeGtukBnn4dnE8UXneZa7d2c4AN2G-lmi8&authType=name&authToken=IYfl"><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><br />
</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Sharon Rossignuolo</span></b></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="text"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Very interesting! A common mistake I notice among native speakers
in Ireland is the use of the word "specific". Instead of specific,
people say "Pacific" (like the ocean)! Not sure if this is prevalent
in other countries?</span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 15pt;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="js-comment-body" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=ADcAABYOPgkBrH_R_HkKpKnqemyJ70tpF6c3zp8&authType=name&authToken=_eQ6"><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Katerina Xafis</span></b></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="text"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">How interesting Sharon. Have not heard it
myself. You've reminded of another mistake --- 'specially' to mean
'especially'. (They are toys specially made for young children, especially
boys.)</span></span><span style="font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="js-comment-body" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="text"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">_________________________________________________________________________________</span></span></div>
<div class="js-comment-body" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="text"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "inherit","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-78709633083892716822016-03-04T02:44:00.002-08:002016-03-04T02:44:40.762-08:00Homonyms, homographs, homophones <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Homonyms</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(i) share the same spelling and <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(ii) the same pronunciation but <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(iii) have different meanings. For example, bear.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">A <i>bear</i> (the animal) can <i>bear</i> (tolerate)
very cold temperatures.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The driver turned <i>left</i> (opposite of right) and <i>left</i> (departed
from) the main road.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Yes, I <i>can</i>
(am able to) carry the <i>can </i>(container).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">You’ll look better in this <i>suit</i> (dress); if you don’t like it,
well, <i>suit</i> yourself (wear whatever
you want).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">You’ll get a <i>fair</i> (reasonable) price at the <i>fair
</i>(exhibition).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><a href="https://www.spellingcity.com/sound-alikes.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Homophones</span></a> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">are
also known as <b><a href="https://www.spellingcity.com/sound-alikes.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sound-alike
words</span></a><span style="color: #202020;">;</span></b></span><span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> they are words
that<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(i) are pronounced identically but
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(ii) have different meanings and
often <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(iii) have different spellings. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">These words are a very common source of confusion when writing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Here are a few examples: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">to, too, and two <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">they're and their <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">bee and be <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">sun and son <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">which and witch <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">plain and plane. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">addition and edition<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ascent and assent<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">desert and dessert<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Homographs</span></b><span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> are words that <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(i) are spelled the same, but <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(ii) have different meanings and <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(iii) are often pronounced differently. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Some examples of homographs are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">bass</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> as in fish vs <i>bass</i> as in music<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">bow</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> as in arrow vs <i>bow</i> as in bending or taking
a <i>bow</i> at the end of a performance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">close</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> as in next to vs <i>close</i> as in shut the door<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">desert</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> as in dry climate vs <i>desert</i> as in leaving alone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Heteronyms or Heterophones </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">have<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(i) same spelling, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(ii) different pronunciations, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(iii) different meanings. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">All heteronyms are homographs, but not all homographs are heteronyms.
See why this concept can be so confusing to learn?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">I need to <i>wind</i> the alarm clock so I can fly my kite in
the early morning gusty <i>wind</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please <i>record</i> the program when they try to beat the
world <i>record</i> for word nerdiness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Please <i>excuse</i> this poor <i>excuse</i> for
art.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Capitonyms </span></b><span style="color: #202020; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">are different words spelled the same except for the capitalization.
Sometimes they are pronounced the same, sometimes they are not.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">I like to visit the country of <i>Turkey</i> and eat that
American bird, <i>turkey</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">My <i>mobile</i> phone ironically did not work in <i>Mobile</i>,
Alabama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">In <i>May</i>, when spring is almost over, I <i>may</i> pack
away my winter clothes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The <i>Polish</i> refugee said nothing but went straight to
work putting <i>polish</i> on the silver.<br />
On the Ides of <i>March</i>, we will <i>march</i> in the parade.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">___________________________________________________________________________
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-38637214607028435172016-02-24T20:42:00.002-08:002016-02-24T20:42:33.433-08:00Barriers to effective communication<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. How well do
we communicate?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">We
all believe we communicate well. We all believe we know the art of
communicating. We are confident we have no difficulty (in) communicating.
However, if we paused for a moment and thought about an instance or two, we
might just begin to wonder. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> 1 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Raghu : Hi, Sundar!</div>
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Somu : …</div>
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Raghu : Go to hell!<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Rani : How is your mother today?</div>
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Devi : Much better. </div>
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Rani : I want to visit her. I’ll join you</div>
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this
evening. </div>
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Devi : She’ll be happy. But my grandpa is </div>
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arriving. I have to get supper ready.</div>
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Rani: Okay. When are visitors allowed?</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" />
3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Joseph: Are you too busy, John?</div>
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John : I’m
completing Experiment 3 in the </div>
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Chemistry Lab Record. </div>
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Joseph: Oh. </div>
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John : You need
help? [Joseph nods] Okay.</div>
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Tell
me.</div>
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Joseph: Thanksda*. I don’t…</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">*
‘da’ is a suffix in Thamizh used between friends. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Raju : [is answering an exercise on </div>
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tenses, has his pen between his </div>
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teeth, looking hard at the </div>
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exercise sheet (as if that would </div>
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somehow locate the answer for </div>
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him!)] </div>
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Raghu: Move over. Let me help you.</div>
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Raju : [moves
away without a word] </div>
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Raghu: [angrily] There’s always a next </div>
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time, my friend!</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5</span></div>
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Sales Manager
: Sir, I need your </div>
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permission to
attend my </div>
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cousin’s </div>
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Shashtiaptapurthi.</div>
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General Manager: Permission? Don’t you </div>
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have any casual
leave </div>
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left?</div>
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Sales Manager
: No, sir.</div>
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General Manager: You’re a senior </div>
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manager. You
shouldn’t </div>
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have mismanaged
your </div>
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leave account.
How </div>
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could you have
planned </div>
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it so badly?</div>
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Sales Manager
:???</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Floor </div>
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Supervisor: Babu, Can’t you ever </div>
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(<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">accusingly) </span> do a thing right? </div>
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Babu :
Sir, I was only mending</div>
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( <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">taken unawares) </span>…………</div>
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F.M. :
You mean you were </div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(glaring)</span> fiddling.</div>
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Babu :
Sir, …..</div>
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(<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">clearly
upset)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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F. M. :
Don’t argue with me.</div>
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(<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">cutting
him off)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Babu :
No, sir. Let me…..</div>
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(<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">firmly)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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F.M. :
How dare you talk </div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(threatening)</span> back to me? </div>
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Babu :
Yes, sir. I mean, no </div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(bewildered)</span> sir. (!) </div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A
few more instances of communication. Read on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7.</span></div>
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I had once submitted an article for consideration for
publication in a magazine to be brought out by the Ministry of Education in
an African country for which I was working on a contract. The article
depicted the feelings of a frustrated teacher and how he viewed his students,
his colleagues and his principal. </div>
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A top ministry official was very angry and <u>threatened</u>
to cancel my contract. His accusations implied that I was referring to the
local students and the principal and that my article was an affront to his
nation and race. </div>
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I was <u>perplexed</u> because I thought that my
article would be seen as no more than a literary piece based on imagination.
I was naïve enough to expect objective assessment of my article because the
official was highly educated. Instead, the officer perceived me not as a
writer but as a foreigner who in his perception had no right to comment or
say the things that I’d said in the article.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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A young fresh teacher entered his class for the first
time. While lecturing, he observed two women students chatting and smiling
while looking at him on and off, and he concluded that they were not only
disrespectful but mocking at him and that they were not behaving as women
students should. When he warned them and put them in their places, one woman
student got up to say that she and her friend had not done anything to
deserve the warning; the teacher became enraged at this audacity and punished
them in as many ways as he could think of.
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Communication
in dialogues 2 and 3 goes on smoothly whereas in 1, 4, 5 and 6 you notice<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">barriers</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> to communication, don’t you? The two
incidents in 7 and 8 are two clear instances where barriers to communication
are working effectively!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Or think of some other ordinary events. Like,
for instance, ordering a coffee. I might order a coffee, drink it, pay for it
and leave the hotel. Or the server might come late to receive the order or
bring the coffee late. Based on my perceptions and attitudes, I might draw
inferences that are not there in the server’s behaviour, and what might follow
could be unpleasant for the server and me as well. Let’s say somebody knocks on
the door, I take a little time to reach the door, in the meantime, the knock
gets longer and louder. I might not make much of the longer and the louder
knock, open the door, speak to the person. Or influenced by my perceptions of
how a person knocking at a door should behave, I might misinterpret the event and
there could be trouble! And the guest may have his ideas of me for not
answering the door immediately! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Barriers to
communication<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">What
are these barriers? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">These
barriers can be classified as ‘intrapersonal’, ‘interpersonal’ and
‘organizational’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Intrapersonal
refers to barriers coming <u>from within an individual</u>. Interpersonal
refers to barriers arising from actions or no actions <u>between individuals</u>.
Organizational combines intrapersonal and interpersonal barriers in the place
of work. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">What are barriers after all</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Obstacles
or obstructions that prevent genuine communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. kinds<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Barriers
are of two kinds: 1. internal [occurring within an individual and between
individuals] 2. external [environment
outside the individuals] <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.
<i>Internal Barriers</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Communicating
or not communicating depends on assumptions and expectations. In the eight
samples presented in the previous pages are examples of assumptions and
expectations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
sample 1, Raghu considers Somu his friend [<u>assumption</u>], so greets him
and <u>expects</u> response from Somu
but Somu doesn’t respond [probably he assumes, for whatever reason,
Raghu is not his friend]. Raghu’s expectation is not fulfilled, he gets upset
and says something unpleasant. The barriers are assumptions and nonfulfillment
of expectations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
sample 4, Raghu tries to help Raju but Raju doesn’t accept it. The barriers
here are Raghu’s assumption that Raju would want help and Raju is perhaps too
proud to accept help from anyone, even from Raghu who may be his friend. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
sample 5, the barrier is the authoritative attitude and the tone of the GM. He
could’ve refused permission without being bossy. The sales manager assumes that
exhausting casual leave and asking for a day’s permission is no crime. But the
GM thinks so because he believes that no subordinate should exhaust casual
leave early. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
sample 6, the barriers are [1] the floor supervisor’s assumption that a worker
should observe silence, respond only by accepting his boss’s reprimand, and
that he is haughty if he tries to respond [2] Babu’s assumption that he is
entitled to explaining his position and his explanation is not arguing with his
boss on equal terms. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
sample 7, the barriers are the perceptions and the resultant assumptions and
expectations. Because the article portrayed a negative picture, the ministry
official saw the article through his perception of who a foreigner should be
and interpreted the article as an offrent. Because I expected the ‘educated’
ministry official to look at the article as no more than an imaginary piece.
Both of us failed to acknowledge that there could be difference between
intended and perceived meanings irrespective of whether or not we were
‘educated’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
sample 8, the teacher’s perceptions of how a woman student should behave in a
classroom and the student’s perception of how a teacher should perceive her
behaviour stand as barriers. The teacher felt he was superior and his
superiority meant that no student should question his interpretation. The women
students should not have thought it their right to chat and smile while looking
at the teacher and expect the teacher to accept their behaviour. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perception
is a view, an image, idea or <u>understanding</u> of people, places, things. It
leads to <u>assumptions</u>. These assumptions lead to <u>expectations</u>. Now
the questions is: how is perception formed? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
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perceptions of </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
| </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
| </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
____________________________________________ </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
| | | | </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
self
image image
of health relationship</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
| others between
speaker </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
|
|
and listener </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
_____________________ </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Formed
and expressed through</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
| </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
_________________________________________ </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
| | | | | |</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
language body stereo culture
silence physical </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
language types characteristics</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
box contains all the barriers arising from ‘intrapersonal’ and ‘interpersonal’
behaviour like ‘wrong assumptions’, ‘varied perceptions’, ‘various
backgrounds’, ‘wrong inferences’, ‘prejudices’, ‘complexes –superior/inferior’,
‘lack in language use’, ‘mismatch between verbal and nonverbal communication’,
‘emotions, ‘being selective in focusing only on specific portions of message’,
‘cultural variations’ .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Self image<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This refers to <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> what you are, who you are as you grow out of
your experience<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> [your abilities, attitudes, values,
emotions, feelings, needs, memory, thinking etc.] <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
other words, you think of yourself as a <u>superior</u>, <u>modest</u> or <u>inferior</u>
person. Non-English medium students, for instance, may behave confidently even
if they are unable to use English as a medium. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Image of others<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This refers to<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">the
pictures you have of other people as superior, modest or inferior persons.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">You
may think well or ill of their language abilities, of their body language; you
may or may not like their physical appearance [height, weight, colour, hair
etc.], dress, perceptions, attitudes.
‘he doesn’t like me’, ‘she looks pretty’, ‘he looks aggressive’, ‘she is
so selfish’, ‘he thinks he’s an expert on women’, ‘she thinks she can teach me
a thing or two’, ‘oh god, what colours does she choose’ are how we think about
others. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Health <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This refers to <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">physical
condition [ill or well], physical ease [comfortable or not], mental disposition
[mood, motivation, willingness, confidence, curiosity, concern, fear, doubt and
so on].<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Relationship
between you and others<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This refers to<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">the
closeness or distance you’ve developed or you’ll develop with people around
you. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">All
these factors impinge on the communicating act every time, every moment
favourably or unfavourably. They may become barriers to or support interaction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.
<i>External Barriers</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">They
are: 1. location 2. noise 3. audience 4. authority <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Location:
This refers to the climate and the geography of the place of communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> ‘Climate’ refers to atmosphere
available for communication. If music is <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> blaring on one side, if heavy
traffic flows on either side of the building, if a <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> politician’s voice amplified,
the climate cannot be thought of as congenial to <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> communication. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Noise : It is anything that makes it hard for a
communication act to complete, anything <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> that interrupts and makes
sending or receiving messages difficult. It can be <u>external</u> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> like a noisy restaurant,
construction noise outside, music blaring and <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> deafening, traffic snarls and
the resultant noise, children playing nearby. Or it can <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> be internal such as poor use of
language [vocabulary and structure], <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> pronunciation, too low or high
a volume, delivery speed, distracting <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> mannerisms, body language seen
as unpleasant. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Audience
: This refers to people in the communication scene. They can influence a <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> communication. Presence or absence of
one individual or certain individuals, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> arrival or departure of a
person or a group of persons in a communicating <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> situation may change the
complexion of the communication. Say, your were <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> about to confide in your
friend (leaning close) and somebody walked in, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> you’d shut up (drawing
away). Or you could be prepared to come out with <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> your story once a person was
out of earshot. You may wait to pass on <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> information until someone
you wanted to be present arrived. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Authority
: This is part of <u>organizational barriers</u>. Exercise of excessive
authority <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> prevents open and frank and
encourages pretence and routine. Again, a <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> management may have so many
channels that communication can get <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> distorted. Communication in
a team can become difficult if it consists of <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> people believing in different
value systems. And there may be too many <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> messages to receive and
hence there may be difficulty in comprehension. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">When
two or more than two people converse, more often than not, their efforts can
fail for one reason or the other; the culprit could be how the speaker, the listener
or both how they see themselves and others and other things in a communicating
environment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
intention of this article is to not frighten readers, not to picture
communicating as an extremely arduous activity but to point out aspects that
can hamper or hinder an attempt at communicating , and so to bear in mind these
and proceed in such a manner as to help the other person feel comfortable and
to conduct communicating as smooth as possible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
_________________________________________________________________________________ </div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-43695400145498744682016-02-23T22:40:00.000-08:002016-02-23T22:40:15.635-08:00British English Vs American English <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Note:
This post is a mere collection and doesn’t treat the differences exhaustively.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">he
differences listed here are generalisations. It should certainly not be
inferred <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> that <b>all</b> AmE or BrE speakers will use
the varying language features ascribed to them <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> here.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Differences<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Let’s
take a look at a few of the differences between the two varieties. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pronunciation <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.
the consonant ‘r’ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (a) (i) In British English (RP), this is
pronounced when it comes before a vowel sound:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> round /</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">raʊnd<b>/ </b>regard /riga:d/ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">
(ii) In British English, it’s pronounced when it’s followed by another
word beginning <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">
with a vowel sound:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">her arm /h</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ɜːr a:m/</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">far away /fa:r </span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ə<b>ˈ</b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">we</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ɪ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(b)
In American English (GA), this is always pronounced with the tongue rising
upward <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> and curling inward; it’s said that
Americans roll their r’s.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">word BrE AmE word
BrE AmE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">abort /</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ə<b>ˈ</b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ɔːt/ /ə<b>ˈ</b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">b</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ɔːrt/ beard
/bɪəd/ /bɪrd/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">arm
/ɑːm/ /ɑːrm/ beer /bɪə/ /bɪr/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">divorce
/dɪ<b>ˈ</b>vɔːs/ /dɪ<b>ˈ</b>vɔːrs/ here /hɪə/ /hɪə/ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">word
BrE AmE word BrE AmE <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">poor
/pʊə/ /pʊr/ appear /ə<b>ˈ</b>pɪə/ /ə<b>ˈ</b>pɪr/ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">sure
/ʃʊə/ /ʃʊr/ affair /ə<b>ˈ</b>feə/ /ə<b>ˈ</b>fer/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">tour
/tʊə/ /tʊə/ bear /beə/ /ber/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">2. the letter ‘a’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(a) this is pronounced as /ɑː/ in BrE and /æ/ in
AmE: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> word BrE AmE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> ask /</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ɑː</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">sk/ /</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">æsk/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">
bath /bɑːθ/ /bæθ/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> a
few more words in this group are: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> basket,
branch, castle, class, draft, flask, glass, passport, pass, path, staff <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">
But ‘w<u>a</u>sn’t’ is pronounced
as /wʌznt/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.
The letter ‘o’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (a) This is pronounced as /</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ɒ<b>/</b>in British English and /ɑː/ in American English<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> cod /kɒd/
cop /kɒp/ possible /ˈpɒsəbl/ /ˈpɑːsəbl/ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> a few more words in this group are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> abscond, abolish, acc<u>o</u>mmodate,
body, bother, not, coffee, economy, gossip, object <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> (b)
This is pronounced <b>also</b> as / ɔː / in American English<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">
ch<b><u>o</u></b>colate /tʃɔːklət/
dog /dɔːg/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">4. The letters ‘au’ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">
These are pronounced as </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">/</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ɒ<b>/ </b>in British
English and /ɑː/ in American English<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span></b><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">because /bɪˈkɒz/ /bˈkɑːz/ caught
/kɒt/ /kɑːt/ caution /kɒʃn/ /kɑːʃn/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> A
few more words<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> law,
laundry, launch, caustic, cauliflower<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">5. The letter ‘u’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> This
letter is pronounced as /juː/ in British English and /uː/ in American English<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">
assume /əˈsjuːm/ /əsuːm/ news
/njuːz/ /nuːz/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> A
few more words<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span></b><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">attitude, avenue, resume, consume, gratuity, minute(adj)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">6. change of diphthong the British /əʊ/ to the American English /oʊ/ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> go
/əʊ/ /goʊ/ no/əʊ/
/oʊ/ crow /krəʊ/
/kroʊ/ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">
promotion /prəməʊʃn/
/prəmoʊʃn/ romantic /rəʊmæntɪk/
/roʊmæntɪk/ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">7. The ‘i’ in ‘ization’ is pronounced differently: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> civil<b>i</b>zation }
/</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">aɪ/ in British English and /ɪ/ in American
English</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">
organization }<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">
authorization }<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">
globalization }<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">8. The letter ‘t’ coming in the middle can be
pronounced as ‘d’ in these words in American <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> English: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">be<b>tt</b>er water hated
writing bottom native
artificial notice<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">9. ‘ile’ are pronounced differently: /</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">aɪl/ in British English and /<sup>
ə</sup>l/ in American English</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> ag<b>ile</b>
/</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ˈædʒ<b>aɪl</b>/ /ˈædʒ <sup>ə</sup>l/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> fert<b>ile
</b>hostile versatile<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> mobile
(adj) /mo</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ʊb<sup>ə</sup>l/ and mobile (noun) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">/mo</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ʊbiːl/ in American English <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">___________________________________________________________________________
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">1.2 </span></b><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">There’s difference in syllable <b>stress</b>: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">
British American<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">
ballet /</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ˈbæleɪ/ /bælˈeɪ/
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">
brochure /</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ˈ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">br</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">əʊʃə<sup>r</sup>/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> /br</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">oʊˈʃʊ<sup>r</sup>/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> garage /</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ˈ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">g</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ærɑːʒ/ /gərˈɑːʒ/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> vaccine /</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ˈvæksiːn/ /vækˈsiːn/ </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">
advertisement /</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ədˈvɜːtɪsment/ /<b><sub>ˈ</sub></b>ædvə<sup>r</sup>ˈtaɪzmənt/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">In American English, the <u>verb</u> is often
stressed on the first syllable:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">de<b>ˈ</b>crease (Br) <b>ˈ</b>decrease (Am) re<b>ˈ</b>search (Br) <b>ˈ</b>research
(Am) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">__________________________________________________________________________ <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><b><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">1.3 Spelling</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">1. <b>–our </b>and<b> –or</b> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br/Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">armour<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">colour<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">favour<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">neighbour<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">glamour<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">armor <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">color<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">favor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">glamor*1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">neighbor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">2. <b>–ll- </b>and<b> –l-</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br/Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">jewellery<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">councillor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">counsellor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(un)equalled<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">install<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">marvellous<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">travelled<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">traveller<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">woollen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">controller<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">controlled<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">councilor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">counselor*1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(un)euqaled*1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">instal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">marvelous<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">jewelry<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">traveled*1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">traveler*1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">woolen*1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">3. <b>–re</b>
and <b>–er<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br/Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">centre<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">metre<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">fibre<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">litre<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">meagre<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">sombre<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">theatre<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">acre<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">center<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">fiber*1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">liter *1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">meagre*1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">meter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">somber*1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">theater*1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">4. <b>–l</b>
and <b>–ll<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br/Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">instal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">skilful<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">appal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">distil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">enrol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">fulfil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">install*2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">instalment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">wilful<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">appall*1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">distill*1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">enroll*1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">fulfill*1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">installment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">skillfull<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">wilfull*1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">5. <b>–ae- </b>/<b>-oe-</b> and <b>–e </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br/Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">anaesthetic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">foetus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">haemorrhage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">manoeuvre<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">archaeology<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">aeon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">encyclopaedia*2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">encyclopedia*2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">aerial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">archaeology<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">eon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">anesthetic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">fetus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">hemorrhage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">maneuver<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6. </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">–ence</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
and </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">–ense</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br/Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">defence<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">licence (n)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">offence<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">pretence<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">license (v)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">defense<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">license (n)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">offense<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">pretense<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">7. <b>–ogue</b>
and <b>–og <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br/Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">analogue<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">catalogue<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">dialogue<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">prologue*2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">travelogue*2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">rouge<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">analog<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">catalog*1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">dialog<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">prolog<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">travelog<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">8. <b>–amme</b>
and <b>–am <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br/Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">programme<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Aerogramme<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">program (computer)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">telegram<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">kilogram<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">aerogram<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">program<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">9. <b>–ou</b>
and <b>-o</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">mould—mold,
moulder—molder,
smoulder—smolder,
shoulder—shoulder <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">10. <i>other
common differences</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br/Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">analyse<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">paralyse<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">storey<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(building)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">cheque (money)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">dependant (n)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">kerb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">maths<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">speciality<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">sulphur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">tyre (wheel)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">vice<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">cosy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ageing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">eyeing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">likeable<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">embed*2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">enclose*2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ensure<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">indefinable<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">axe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">dependent (n)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">grey<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">plough<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">practise (v)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">practice (n)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">sceptical<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">analyze<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">paralyze<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">cozy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">aging<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">eying<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">likable<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">story<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">imbed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">inclose<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">insure<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">undefinable<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ax<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">check<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">dependent (n)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">gray<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">plow<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">practice (v)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">practise (n)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">curb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">math<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">skeptical<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">specialty<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">sulfur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">tire<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">vise <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Note: *1 the usual spelling in American English<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> *2
the usual spelling in British English<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">11. <b>verbs
ending in ‘-ize’ or ‘-ise’<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The ‘ize’ spelling can be used in American,
Australian and British English, and is the spelling used in the dictionary. The
‘ise’ spelling is found frequently in British and American English. The
following words (which are not all verbs) should always be given the ‘ise’
ending in all varieties of English. Words are groups by pronunciationl<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">aɪz</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">advertise, advise (v), arise, clockwise,
compromise, despise, devise, disguise, enterprise (n), exercise, otherwise,
revise, supervise, surprise, wise<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">iː</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">z<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">expertise (n) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">aɪs</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> concise
(adj), precise (adj)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">source: Chamber’s Dictionary<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">___________________________________________________________________________
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">1.4 Vocabulary<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The differences you see below are the most
common ones.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Kitchen<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">tap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">cooker<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">cutlery<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">bin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">fridge<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">dish rack<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">wash basin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">flannel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">washing powder<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">sieve<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">tin-opener<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">lemon-squeezer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">cooling tray<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">grill<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">roasting tin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">loaf tin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Faucet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">stove<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">silverware<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">wastebasket<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">refrigerator<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">plate rack<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">sink<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">wash cloth<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">laundry detergent<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">sifter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">can-opener<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">juicer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">cooling rack<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">broil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">roasting pan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">loaf pan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">2. <b>car<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">car<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">aerial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">bonnet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">windscreen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">number plate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">indicator<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">sidelight<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">boot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">wing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">wing mirror<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">tyre<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">rear light<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">reversing light<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">silencer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">exhaust (pipe)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">speedometer /<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">mileomter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">accelerator<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">gear stick<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">handbrake<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">petrol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">overtake<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">car/auto(mobile)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">antenna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">hood<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">windshield<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">license plate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">blinker / turn signal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">parking light<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">trunk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">fender<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">side mirror<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">tire<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">tail-light<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">backup light<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">muffler<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">tail pipe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">odometer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">gas pedal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">gear shift<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">emergency brake<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">gas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">pass <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">3. Road<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">pavement<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">kerb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">traffic light<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">railway<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">lorry <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">zebra crossing /<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">pedestrian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">T-junction<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">roundabout<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">tailback<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">toll gate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">slip road<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">motorway<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ring road<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">breakdown truck<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">side walk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">curb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">stop light<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">railroad<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">truck<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">cross walk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">intersection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">traffic circle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">traffic jam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">toll booth<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ramp<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">interstate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">beltway<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">tow truck<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">4. Office<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">lift<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">caretaker<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">bin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">wage (pay) packet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">wastepaper basket<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">notice board<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">drawing pin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Sellotape/ sticky tape<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">rubber<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">car park<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">mobile phone<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">elevator<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">janitor /<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">custodian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">trash can<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">paycheck<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">waste basket<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">bulletin board<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">thumbtack/ tack<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">scotch tape<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">eraser<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">parking lot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">cell/ cellular phone<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">5. bank<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">cheque<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">counterfoil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">current account<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">note <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">check<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">stub<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">checking account<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">bill <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">6. miscellaneous<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Br<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">shop<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">shop assistant<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">biscuit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">flat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ground floor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">lift<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">board and lodging<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">timetable<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">film
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">luggage
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">long-sighted (eye) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">short-sighted (eye)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">ECG<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">nappy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">cot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">pram<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">anti-clockwise<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">unit trust<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">trade union<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">theme park<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">torch<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">minute hand<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">hour hand<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">chemist<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">chemist’s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">lavatory<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">jug<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">cotton buds<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">draughts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">trousers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">(under)pants /<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">underwear<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">vest (under
a shirt)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">waistcoat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">pullover<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">quilt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">murder<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">store<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">salesclerk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">cookie<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">apartment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">first floor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">elevator<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">room and board<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">schedule<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">movie<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">baggage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">far-sighted<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">near-sighted<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">EKG<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">diaper<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">crib<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">baby carriage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">counter clockwise<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">mutual fund<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">labor union<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">amusement park<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">flash light<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">big hand (clock)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">small hand (clock)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">druggist<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">drug store<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">bathroom<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">pitcher<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">cotton swabs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">checkers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">pants<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">underpants /underwear<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">undershirt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">vest<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">sweater<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">duvet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">homicide<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">___________________________________________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">1.5 Grammar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AmE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
Do you have any siblings?<br />
</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">BrE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
Have you got any brothers or sisters?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AmE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
It is important that she be told. <br />
</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">BrE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
It is important that she is told.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AmE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
The jury has not yet reached its decsion.<br />
</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">BrE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
The jury have not yet reached their decision.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AmE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
Go get your book.<br />
</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">BrE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
Go and fetch your book.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AmE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
He dove into the water.<br />
</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">BrE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
He dived into the water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AmE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
You must come visit me real soon.<br />
</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">BrE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
You must come and visit me really soon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AmE</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">- Jake has
gotten real fat.</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">BrE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> –
Jakc has got real fat</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AmE </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">–Carrie spelled
the word correctly.</span><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">BrE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> –Carrie
spelt the word correctly</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AmE</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">-I think I
lost my camera.<span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">BrE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> –I
think I’ve lost my camera.</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AmE</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">-The shop is
open Monday through Saturday.<span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">BrE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> –The
shop is open from Monday to Saturday.</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AmE</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">-We should
leave by ten of eight.<span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">BrE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> –We
should leave by ten to eight.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AmE</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">-It’s quarter
after seven.<span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">BrE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> –It’s
quarter past seven.</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AmE</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">-She’s always
leaving her clothes around.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">BrE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">-She’s always leaving her clothes about.<b><span style="color: darkslategrey;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AmE</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">-The group
has shown little interest in this project.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">BrE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">- The group have/ has shown little interest in this project.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="color: darkslategrey; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">1.6 Usage<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">This was a trick question because in
fact <b>all</b> of the sentences
are more likely to be said or written by an American than a Briton! Here they
are again with their English equivalents:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AmE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
I'll try and visit you on the weekend.<br />
</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">BrE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
I'll try to visit you at the weekend.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AmE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
Please write me when you arrive.<br />
</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">BrE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
Please write to me when you arrive.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AmE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
Call me as soon as you get there.<br />
</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">BrE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
Ring me (phone me) as soon as you get there.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AmE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
Most everyone has a telephone and a refrigerator these days.<br />
</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">BrE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
Almost everyone has a telephone and a fridge these days.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AmE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
If you make a mistake, you'll just have to do it over.<br />
</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">BrE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
If you make a mistake, you'll just have to do it again.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AmE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
He was born 3/27/1981.<br />
</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">BrE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
He was born on 27/3/1981.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AmE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
The soccer team won two to nothing (2-0).<br />
</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">BrE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
The soccer team won two-nil (2-0).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AmE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
She arrived at twenty of two.<br />
</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">BrE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
She arrived at twenty to two.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">AmE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
The secretary said, "Mr. Clinton will see you soon."<br />
</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">BrE</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> -
The secretary said: "Mr Clinton will see you soon."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The difference in the last two
sentences is in the punctuation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">________________________________________________________________________
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">1.7 A few more differences<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">British and American English can use certain prepositions
differently as in these examples (Brit vs. Amer):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">At the weekend vs. On the weekend<br />
In a team vs. On a team<br />
Talk to John vs. Talk with John<br />
Different to vs. Different than<br />
Where are you? vs. Where are you at? (informal)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">There are also some small differences between idioms in the two
varieties (Brit vs. Amer):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A storm in a teacup vs. A tempest in a teapot<br />
Flogging a dead horse vs. Beating a dead horse<br />
Touch wood vs. Knock on wood<br />
Sweep under the carpet vs. sweep under the rug<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<strong><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt;">AMERICANISMS
IN BRITISH ENGLISH</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Over
the last few decades, British English has come under increasing influence from
American English. This is because the majority of television programmes, films
and music are exported to the UK from the States and people pick up words and
expressions they are commonly exposed to, thus bringing them into general
usage. Conservatives argue this is damaging British English, while liberals say
it is a natural process of language evolution and change. Whichever side you
are on, the fact remains that American is the dominant form of English in the
world and has the greatest influence on its other varieties through the mass
media and popular culture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<strong><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.8 Examples
of Americanisms in modern British English:</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Can
I get a… (Brit. Can I have a…)<br />
Two times (Brit. Twice)<br />
On the weekend (Brit. At the weekend)<br />
I’m good (Brit. I’m fine/well)<br />
Period (Brit. Full stop)<br />
Write me (Brit. Write to me, write me an email)<br />
Take a shower (Brit. Have a shower)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">__________________________________________________________________________
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15481431905487903062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3028370629206424187.post-1610796738650964972016-02-10T23:41:00.000-08:002016-02-10T23:41:09.499-08:00BODY LANGUAGE <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b>Communicating interpersonally <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Communicating
occurs at three different levels: extrapersonal, intrapersonal, interpersonal.
It’s <i>extrapersonal </i>when pets are
involved. It’s not uncommon to find people talking to animals, pets, plants,
elements of nature. <i>Intrapersonal</i>
refers to talking to oneself. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">When
we meditate, contemplate, think, analyze, interpret, we are communicating to <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ourselves.
<b><i>Interpersonal</i></b>
involves two or more than two people passing on and receiving messages of
various kinds interactively as speaker(s)-listener(s) or listener(s)-speaker(s).
It happens through several mediums, the major ones being verbal and non—verbal,
some of the other ones being dancing, painting. <span class="klink">When messages
are passed on from one person to another without using words or speech, they
are termed <b>non-verbal. <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="klink"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Non-verbal
messages <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Nonverbal communication represents two-thirds of
all communication (Wikipedia). </span><span class="klink"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sometimes we communicate only
nonverbally. We may enter or leave a place without permission to show there is
no formality or to show authority. We may throw or pretend to throw an object
at a person seriously or for fun. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">People tend to have much less control over their
non-verbal messages than of what they’re actually saying. This is partly
because non-verbal communication is much more <i>emotional</i> and <i>instinctive</i>. If there is a mismatch
between the two, therefore, you should probably trust the non-verbal messages,
rather than the words used. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">A lack of non-verbal message may also be a signal
of sorts, suggesting that the speaker is carefully controlling their body
language, and may be trying to hide their true emotions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cross-cultural studies done in various countries on all continents show
people not only express basic emotions very similarly (</span><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/happiness" title="Psychology Today looks at happiness"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">happiness</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">, fear, surprise, anger, disgust, sadness) but also recognize them
without hesitation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">3. Interaction between verbal and nonverbal messages<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Nonverbal messages can interact with verbal messages thus: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Conflicting<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">When verbals and nonverbals convey conflicting messages the latter are
taken as revealing the mental disposition. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Complementing<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Accurate interpretation of messages is made easier when nonverbals and
verbals complement each other. Besides, messages are remembered better when
nonverbal signals affirm the verbal exchange.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Substituting<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Nonverbal signals can be used by themselves. Widening of the eyes indicates wonder, raising
of the eyebrows, doubt, and a smile, satisfaction or happiness. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="klink"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. Body Language<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Non-verbal communication is equated with
‘body language’. Because most of it occurs through the use of the body. Body
language also includes ‘gestures’ that we do with different parts of the
body. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.1
<i>face</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="klink"><span lang="EN-US">Winking, rolling the
eyes, raising the eyebrows, twitching the nose, scratching the head, gnashing
the teeth, putting the tongue out, closing the eyes, intentional coughing,
tapping the forehead, massaging temples, face turned away, bent head, head
shaking, raising the chin, using fingers or arms, nodding, pouting express messages. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="klink"><span lang="EN-US">4.2 <i>physical characteristics</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="klink"><span lang="EN-US">Height, weight, colour,
hair, beard, unkempt hair, thick or thin eyebrows, dress, dress colours, its
quality convey messages. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="klink"><span lang="EN-US">4.3 <i>eye contact</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">This is
a very essential body language for socialization purpose</span></span><span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">s.
It’s generally said that eyes don’t lie. When somebody fails to look at you, we
say ‘Look me in the eye.’ </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.4
<i>posture</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
happens w</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">hen we keep our body in a particular position,
when we ho</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ld
our body in a particular way—the way we stand, the way we’re seated. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.5</span>
<span class="klink"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">proximity</span></i></span><span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">This
refers to physical space that we have in mind and put to use when we are with
others in a given place. ‘</span></span><span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">S</span></span><span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">pace’ refers to the </span></span><span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">body
</span></span><span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">distance</span></span><span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span><span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">between others and us.</span></span><span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.6 <i>touch</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">We employ this when we shake hands,
placing a hand on another’s shoulder, embrace, lift one bodily.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.7 <i>time</i>
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">By
‘time’, we refer to the amount of time we take to respond. We may take less or
more time. The partner will interpret the ‘time’ according to the situation,
his/her mental make-up at that moment and understanding of the person
responding.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.8
speech aspects<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.8.1
</span><span class="klink"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">tone (vocal and nonverbal)</span></i></span><span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">When
someone asks a question, we say ‘yes’ to agree with or accept what the other
person is saying. For this, our tone is normal. But it’s possible that we want
to add some more meaning to the ‘yes’. When we wish to do this, we use our
tone. For instance, the ‘yes’ with a raised volume can imply impatience or ‘so
what?’ When we say ‘yes’ haltingly, it can send a message of ‘hesitation’. When
there is aggression in the tone, the ‘yes’ will probably be a threat. The ‘yes’
with a bored voice means ‘disinterest’ or ‘compulsion’. The ‘yes’ in a whisper
indicates ‘reluctance’ or ‘meekness’. ‘Yes’ with a falling tone means that the
idea is complete. ‘Yes’ with a rising tone is a question</span></span><span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.8.2.
</span><span class="klink"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">volume (vocal and nonverbal) </span></i></span><span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">When we
speak, the volume of our voice is normal in the sense that it’s clearly heard
and doesn’t disturb the hearer. But sometimes, we may increase or reduce the
volume</span></span><span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, depending on the need</span></span><span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">.</span></span><span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.8.3 </span></span><span class="klink"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">sound symbols (vocal
and nonverbal) </span></i></span><span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">‘Ah’,
‘aha’, ‘er…’, ‘ha’, ‘ha ha’, ‘hey’, ‘hi’, ‘ho’ ‘oh’, ‘oho’, ‘ooh’, ‘ouch’,
‘sh’, ’uh’, ‘um’, ‘uh-huh’, ‘m</span></span><span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">mm..</span></span><span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">’ are sounds that we produce as symbols to
express our emotions. </span></span><span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.9 <i>silence</i>
</span></span><span class="klink"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">(non-vocal and
nonverbal)</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">It can
be a very effective tool of communication when used sparingly.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="klink"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">5. Why
is non-verbal communication important?</span></b></span><span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">We use
both verbal and nonverbal messages to communicate with others. But it is
believed that generally speaking, we derive meaning from nonverbal messages
rather than from the verbal. Because the former is more natural, instinctive,
involuntary and automatic. Words may lie. Verbal messages may hide our thoughts
or feelings. We may speak, converse and continue our relationship with a person
even when we hate that person. We may call someone names but we don’t mean
them. We may say “I’ll kill you” but more often it stays at the threat level.
We may bless someone while in our mind we’re actually cursing that person. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Non-verbal communication does not
usually lie. Very rarely do we plan it. But it may lie when we want to
intentionally deceive or when we have in mind some gain for ourselves or our
close ones. We may embrace a person to show friendship or relationship, but we
may actually be planning how to steal their property.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="klink"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6. Interpreting
nonverbals<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sources
for this subsection: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">i.
</span><a href="http://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/nonverbal-communication.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/nonverbal-communication.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ii.Wikipedia<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">iii. Steve Darn’s Aspects of Nonverbal Communication in The Internet TESL Journal,
Vol. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> XI, No.
2, February 2005, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">at
</span><a href="http://iteslj.org/Articles/Darn-Nonverbal/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://iteslj.org/Articles/Darn-Nonverbal/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6.1 in different countries<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">There is another aspect that should be
remembered <i>constantly</i>. The
interpretation of non-verbal communication is likely to differ from culture to
culture. </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Italians express their emotions freely whereas
Englanders are generally very restrained. However, even in Italy, there are
geographical variations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The thumbs-up gesture, which generally signals
approval in English-speaking countries, is considered offensive in other
countries, including apparently Greece, Italy and some parts of the Middle
East.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Making a circle with your thumb and forefinger like
this means OK in Western cultures. It is used in particular by divers in this
way. In Japan, however, it is reputedly the sign for money, and in Arabic
countries, it is a threat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The Chinese prefer silence to verbal communication. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">There are differences in how people handle time. In Italy and Spain
people perform several activities at once where as in America, people do one
thing at a time. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">In the United States, pointing is the gesture of a finger or hand to
indicate "come here please" when beckoning a dog. But pointing with
one finger is also considered to be rude in some cultures. Those from Asian
cultures typically use their entire hand to point to something. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Sticking the tongue out is seen in Western countries as mockery but in
Polynesia it serves as a greeting and a sign of reverence. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Clapping is a North American way of applauding, but in Spain it’s used
to summon a waiter at a restaurant. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Northern Europeans nodding their heads up and down to say “yes”, and
shaking their head from side to side to say “no”. But the Greeks have for at
least three thousand years used the upward nod for disagreement and the
downward nod for agreement. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">There are many ways of waving goodbye: Americans face the palm outward
and move the hand side to side, Italians face the palm inward and move the
fingers facing the other person, French and Germans face the hand horizontal
and move the fingers toward the person leaving. </span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">In Arab and Iranian cultures, people express grief openly. They mourn
out loud, while in Asian cultures, the general belief is that it is unacceptable
to show emotion openly. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">For people in Westernized countries, laughter is a sign of amusement,
but in some parts of Africa it is a sign of wonder or embarrassment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Native Americans tend to be more reserved and less expressive with
emotions. Frequent touches are common for Chinese people; however, such
actions like touching, patting, hugging or kissing are less frequent in America
and not often publicly displayed.</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">
</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">As Latin American cultures embrace big speech gestures, Middle Eastern
cultures are relatively more modest in public and are not expressive. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">In Western culture, eye contact is interpreted as attentiveness and
honesty. In Hispanic, Asian, Middle Eastern, and Native American cultures, eye
contact is thought to be disrespectful or rude, and lack of eye contact does
not mean that a person is not paying attention. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">In Latin America and the Middle East the acceptable distance is much
shorter than what most Europeans and Americans feel comfortable with. This is
why an American or a European might wonder why the other person is invading his
or her personal space by standing so close, while the other person might wonder
why an American or a European is standing so far from him or her. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The following are examples of common gestures which
have different functions and meanings in different cultures:</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. the forefinger and the thumb forming
a circle: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
Commonly: everything is ok, perfect<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
France: worthless, Japan—money, Germany—rude, Malta, Greece and
Brazil—obscene<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. Thumbsup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
Commonly: all OK, Australia, Iran—rude, Nigeria—very offensive,
Japan—five, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
Turkey—political rightist party<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. showing right palm: stop, enough
(person, car, action), <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
Turkey—you get nothing from me, W.Africa—you have 5 fahters<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4. The fig (fingers folded into the
palm with the thumb pushed between the foreginger and <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
the middle finger<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
Turkey, Greece, Tunisia,
Holland—obscene, Russia—you get nothing from me, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
Yugoslavia—you can’t have it, Brazil—good luck </span><span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6.2 in the same community<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It’s also necessary to remember constantly
that the messages that non-verbal communication conveys need not be the same
for all the members even in the same community. For instance, let’s consider
shaking hands. A may just touch B’s hand with just the fingers lightly
indicating a perfunctory gesture, A may grip B’s hand in such a way B may feel
pain, A may embrace B’s hand completely indicating acceptance. A smile may or
may not accompany shaking hands indicating presence or absence of warmth. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="klink"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">7. Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It’s incumbent on the part of everyone—tourists,
bureaucrats, politicians, scientists, technologists, common public—to <b>observe
how they use body language to communicate and how others use theirs and learn
from the observation so they would be able to handle different relationships
better and enjoy harmony with others.</b> They would also be able to monitor their
own signals and achieve better control over themselves and so function more
effectively.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="klink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">________________________________________________________________________</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
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